Open Access

ARTICLE

Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer Characteristics in the Thermal-Transfer Printing Head under Pulse Heating Conditions

Xiufeng Fei¹, Jian Liu^1,2, Dianhang Wei^1,*, Xiaosong Zhang^1,2,*
1 School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
2 Engineering Research Center of Building Equipment, Energy, and Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
* Corresponding Author: Dianhang Wei. Email: ; Xiaosong Zhang. Email:

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer https://doi.org/10.32604/fhmt.2026.076167

Received 15 November 2025; Accepted 22 January 2026; Published online 13 March 2026

Abstract

Thermal-transfer printing technology has gained widespread adoption in small-format printing devices owing to its fast printing speed, good image quality, and environmental sustainability. However, scaling this technology to large-format printing equipment remains challenging, primarily because the internal heat transfer mechanisms in the large-scale thermal-transfer printing head (TPH) are not yet fully understood. This knowledge gap limits further optimization of device design. A two-dimensional model was established to numerically investigate the internal heat transfer within the thermal-transfer printing head under pulse heating conditions. The simulations reveal that the internal temperature distribution adopts a star-like pattern, driven by the higher thermal conductivity of the bottom film, which accelerates temperature changes. The printing paper effectively filters the heat fluctuation from the heat generator due to its high specific heat capacity and low thermal conductivity. Parametric analysis demonstrates that the temperature of the heat generator reaches a maximum of 428°C at 70% of pulse width modulation and 500°C at an amplitude of 5.04 kW. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing large-scale thermal-transfer printing systems.

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Keywords

Heat transfer; thermal-transfer print; heat conductivity; pulse heat; numerical simulation; parametric study

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