Open Access

REVIEW

A Review: Sources, Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose

Haoquan Xue¹, Yujie Zhang¹, Zhuang Zhao¹, Haoran Gao¹, Wanlin Bao¹, Jiaxuan Li², Zhiheng Zhang², Qi Wang¹, Qiang He^1,*

1 College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
2 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China

* Corresponding Author: Qiang He. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Sustainable Development and Multifunctional Application of Cellulose Composites)

Journal of Polymer Materials 2025, 42(2), 379-409. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpm.2025.066695

Received 15 April 2025; Accepted 06 June 2025; Issue published 14 July 2025

Abstract

Nanocellulose, derived from abundant lignocellulosic biomass, has emerged as a transformative material with unparalleled versatility across industries. This review systematically analyzes its sources, extraction methods, and multidimensional applications. Key findings include: (1) Plant fiber hierarchy dictates nanocellulose properties, with wood-derived cellulose offering high crystallinity and agricultural waste enabling cost-effective production. (2) Acid hydrolysis remains dominant for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), while mechanical methods yield high-aspect-ratio cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). (3) Nanocellulose’s mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry drive innovations in energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors), biosensors (e.g., glucose monitoring), and biomedical engineering (e.g., 3D-printed scaffolds). Challenges in scalability and sustainability persist, necessitating green synthesis and standardized protocols. This work underscores nanocellulose’s potential as a cornerstone of the circular bioeconomy.

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Keywords

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