Open Access

REVIEW

A Review of Phenolic Compounds: From Biosynthesis and Ecological Roles to Human Health and Nutrition

Lucija Galić, Zdenko Lončarić, Miroslav Lisjak^*

Department of Agroecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, Osijek, 31000, Croatia

* Corresponding Author: Miroslav Lisjak. Email:

Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2025, 94(11), 3297-3318. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2025.072504

Received 28 August 2025; Accepted 29 October 2025; Issue published 01 December 2025

Abstract

Phenolic compounds represent a broad and structurally diverse class of plant secondary metabolites with importance for both plant biology and human health. This review provides a comprehensive overview of their biosynthesis, chemical diversity, multifaceted functions in plants, roles in the wider ecosystem, and significance in human nutrition and biotechnology. Primarily synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway, these compounds encompass major classes such as lignin, flavonoids, and tannins. Within the plant, they perform critical functions including providing structural support (lignin), defending against biotic stresses (e.g., pathogens, herbivores), mediating ecological interactions (pollination, symbiosis, allelopathy), and protecting against abiotic stresses like UV radiation and oxidative damage. Phenolic compounds extend their influence beyond the plant itself by shaping soil ecosystems through rhizodeposition, where they interact with microbial communities and nutrient cycles. At the same time, they play a central role in the health benefits of plant-rich diets, with strong epidemiological evidence linking their regular consumption to a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obesity. The review further examines the significant variation of phenolic content in different food sources and explores the impact of processing methods, highlighting germination as a key strategy for enhancing the nutritional and bioactive value of cereals and legumes. Finally, the potential of phenolic compounds as a source for modern drugs and their targeted production through biotechnological approaches are discussed, underscoring their position as a cornerstone of phytochemical research with ongoing and future applications in health, agriculture, and industry. This paper employs a semi-systematic (or narrative) literature review methodology. A strategic search of key academic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, was conducted to identify relevant literature and highly influential works. This review aims to synthesize the existing knowledge on phenolic compounds and to emphasize their undeniable impact on human health through an interdisciplinary approach.

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Keywords

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