Francesco Petrella^1,2,*, Andrea Cara¹, Enrico Mario Cassina¹, Lidia Libretti¹, Emanuele Pirondini¹, Federico Raveglia¹, Maria Chiara Sibilia¹, Antonio Tuoro¹

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076281 - 22 April 2026

Abstract The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 has transformed the therapeutic landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and recent clinical trials have extended their application to resectable disease. Multiple randomized phase III trials have demonstrated that neoadjuvant and adjuvant immunotherapy, particularly when combined with platinum-based chemotherapy, significantly improves pathological complete response (pCR), major pathological response (MPR), event-free survival (EFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) compared to chemotherapy alone. Several key questions remain unresolved—including whether preoperative or postoperative immunotherapy yields superior outcomes, whether adjuvant therapy provides additional More >

George Liatsos^*, Kalliopi Zioutou, Konstantinos Avramidis, Konstantinos Vamvakaris, Maria Potamiti-Komi, Dimitrios Vassilopoulos

Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 349-360, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.072711 - 20 April 2026

Abstract Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent malignancy with evolving treatment strategies and an increasingly aging patient population, resulting in a growing and complex burden of hospitalizations that extends beyond urological care and remains insufficiently characterized in real-world Internal Medicine settings. This study aimed to analyze the clinical data and outcomes for patients with BC admitted to the medicine ward. Additionally, this research presents three cases of fever of unknown origin, which all exhibited identical clinical and laboratory findings but ultimately resulted in different disease diagnoses. Methods: This retrospective case-series study included all adult patients… More >

Candela Cives-Losada^1,2, Cristiana Soldani², Michela Anna Polidoro², Barbara Franceschini², Ana Lleo^3,4, Marcello Di Martino^1,5, Matteo Donadon^1,5,*

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.4, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2025.074093 - 23 March 2026

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest cancer worldwide, being the presence of metastasis, mainly in the liver, a major contributor to high mortality rates in affected patients. The tumor microenvironment (TME)—comprised of interacting endothelial, stromal, and immune cells—plays a critical role in creating a supportive niche for tumor cell colonization and immune evasion and, thus, the establishment of metastases. The liver’s intrinsic nature further facilitates the development of immune tolerance, mediated by regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and soluble factors such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, which together dampen antitumor immune responses. This immunosuppressive milieu More > Graphic Abstract

Vincenzo Montanarella¹, Marcelo Guerrero^2,3, David Filho^2,3, Júlia German-Cortés¹, Giacomoluciano Vitelli¹, Magalí Sureda¹, Carlos Pavón Regaña¹, Roser Ferrer^1,4, Simó Schwartz^1,4, Esteban Durán-Lara^2,3, Fernanda Andrade^1,5,*, Diana Rafael^1,6,*

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.4, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.074061 - 23 March 2026

Abstract Despite remarkable advances in nanomedicine, localized delivery of advanced cancer therapeutics remains underexploited. Advanced therapies based on biopharmaceuticals, immunotherapy, or gene therapy have revolutionized oncology. Yet, their systemic administration is often associated with limitations such as poor site-specific accumulation, instability, and systemic toxicity. Hydrogels/macrogels offer the ability to encapsulate, protect, and release biomolecules in situ with sustained and stimulus-responsive profiles, addressing key translational gaps. This review provides a focused synthesis of the last five years of hydrogel-based research for cancer therapy, with emphasis on peptides, antibodies, immunotherapeutic agents, and gene delivery systems. We discuss design principles,… More > Graphic Abstract

Shuo Wang, Miao Wang, Wei Yao^*

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.4, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2025.073554 - 23 March 2026

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), dense stromal architecture, and limited response to conventional therapies. This review comprehensively examines the emerging role of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered immune cells, including chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T), CAR-macrophages (CAR-M), and CAR-natural killer (CAR-NK) cells, as innovative immunotherapeutic strategies for PDAC. We delve into the mechanistic foundations of these platforms, highlighting their unique abilities to target tumor-associated antigens, overcome stromal barriers, and remodel the immunosuppressive TME. Recent preclinical and clinical advances demonstrate promising antitumor activity, particularly More >

Donatella Coradduzza^1,#, Anna La Salvia^2,#, Giuseppe Fanciulli³, Maria Rosaria De Miglio^3,*

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.4, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2025.073045 - 23 March 2026

Abstract Background: An increasing number of studies have shown that ferroptosis is related to the initiation and development of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The systematic review aimed to summarize the characteristics of ferroptosis from its pathogenetic role to translational therapeutic implications in SCLC. Methods: This systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251090058), followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Comprehensive research of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed for studies published between January 2010 and July 2025 investigating ferroptosis mechanisms, genetic or pharmacological modulation, or molecular profiling in SCLC. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and quality… More >

Adam Khorasanchi, Merve Hasanov, Richard Wu, Hisham Alsharif, Kari Kendra, Claire Verschraegen^*

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.4, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.069012 - 23 March 2026

Abstract Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer and typically involves the head and neck. Systemic therapy is often required for patients with advanced CSCC to achieve optimal disease control. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now the standard of care for these patients, with a 50%–60% response rate and sustainable remission for at least 30% of patients. Given the activity of ICIs in advanced head and neck CSCC, ICIs are being studied in early-stage disease or neoadjuvant situations. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of More >

Thomas Kidu¹, Harini Kethar², Haben Gebrekidan³, Haleem Farman⁴, Ahmed Sedik^4,5, Walid El-Shafai^6,7, Jawad Khan^8,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.146, No.2, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2026.076798 - 26 February 2026

Abstract Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in selected patient groups. This study performed a comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas colorectal adenocarcinoma cohort (TCGA-COADREAD), accessed through cBioPortal, to develop machine learning models for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) following immunotherapy. The dataset included clinical variables, genomic alterations in Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS), B-Raf Proto-Oncogene (BRAF), and Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog (NRAS), microsatellite instability (MSI) status, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and expression of immune checkpoint genes. Kaplan–Meier… More >

Fangyuan Zhang^1,#, Xi Wang^2,#, Xinxin Shen³, Pei Xiong³, Yan Yang^4,*, Jincheng Wang^5,*

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2025.074893 - 24 February 2026

Abstract Accumulating evidence indicates that the neuro-immune axis is central to gastric cancer pathogenesis. Dynamic, bidirectional signaling between neural circuits and immune cells promotes tumor progression, shapes an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and contributes to therapeutic resistance. We synthesize current knowledge on how autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and sensory innervation regulate gastric cancer biology. These circuits act through neurotransmitters (catecholamines, acetylcholine) and neuropeptides (substance P [SP], calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP]) to foster tumor growth and angiogenesis, facilitate perineural invasion, and enable immune evasion by recruiting suppressive myeloid and lymphoid populations and by inducing checkpoint molecule expression. We also… More >

Amy J. Petty^*, Drew A. Emge, Adela R. Cardones

Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2025.073383 - 24 February 2026

Abstract Skin cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide, with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and melanoma representing the most clinically significant types. While traditional treatments are effective for early-stage disease, advanced or metastatic cases often pose significant therapeutic challenges. Patients with high-risk or recurrent disease face limited options and poor prognoses. The emergence of immunotherapy has dramatically transformed the treatment landscape across multiple cancer types, including cutaneous malignancies. This review highlights recent advancements in immunotherapeutic strategies for BCC, cSCC, and melanoma, underscoring their growing importance in dermatologic oncology. We synthesize More >