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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Effect of Sulfuric Acid on the Physiochemical Properties of Chitosan-PVA Blend for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

    RABIRANJAN MURMUa,b, DEBASHIS ROYa, HAREKRUSHNA SUTARb, PRAGYAN SENAPATIc, SWETAK ABHISEK MOHAPATRAb

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.39, No.1-2, pp. 89-109, 2022, DOI:10.32381/JPM.2022.39.1-2.6

    Abstract In this work, we have successfully cross-linked the different weight ratio of Chitosan-PVA blend with sulfuric acid. The effect of cross-linker on the properties of blends are studied by using different experimental technique. The cross-linked membrane provides higher ion exchange capacity due to the procurement of extra ionic hooping sites in the membrane. The compatibility of the blends are confirmed from the FTIR and DSC analysis. The crosslinking reaction fastening the phase transition behavior of the blends which reduces the glass transition temperature. The highly compatiblized cross-linked blend provides higher tensile strength and lower modulus at moderate temperature. The significant… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Self-Cross-Linked Tannin-Aminated Tannin Surface Coatings for Particleboard

    Bengang Zhang1,*, Antonio Pizzi2,*, Mathieu Petrissans1, Anelie Petrissans1, Colin Baptiste1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.12, pp. 4097-4121, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.029761

    Abstract Aminated tannins were prepared by reacting mimosa condensed tannin extract with ammonia yielding the substitution of many, if not all of the tannin hydroxyl groups with –NH2 groups. A tannin-aminated tannin (ATT) particleboard coating was then prepared by reacting raw tannin extract with aminated tannin extract and thus cross-liking the two by substituting tannin’s hydroxyl groups with the –NH2 groups on the aminated tannin to form –NH-bridges between the two. The resulting particleboard coating gave encouraging results when pressed at 180°C for 3 min. Conversely, the system in which tannin was reacted/cross-liked with urea (ATU) by a similar amination reaction… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Cross-Linking of Sago Starch with Furan and Bismaleimide via the Diels-Alder Reaction

    Henky Muljana*, Ivana Hasjem, Merianawati Sinatra, Dicky Joshua Pesireron, Michael Wilbert Puradisastra, Ryan Hartono, Kevin Yovan Hermanto, Tony Handoko

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.12, pp. 4039-4060, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.031261

    Abstract This research paper describes the synthesis of thermo-reversible cross-linking of sago starch by grafting a furan pendant group (methyl 2-furoate) onto the starch backbone, followed by a Diels-Alder (DA) reaction of the furan functional group with 1,1′-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene) bismaleimide (BM). The proof of principles was provided by FTIR and 1H-NMR analyses. The relevant FTIR peaks are the carbonyl peak (υ C=O sym) at 1721 cm−1 ; the two peaks appeared after DA cross-linking, i.e., at 1510 cm−1 (corresponding to υ CH=CH BM aromatic rings, stretching vibrations), and at 1173 cm−1 (assigned to cycloadduct (C-O-C, δ DA ring)) while the 1H-NMR result… More > Graphic Abstract

    Cross-Linking of Sago Starch with Furan and Bismaleimide via the Diels-Alder Reaction

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    In-Situ Growing of Branched CNFs on Reusable RCFs to Construct Hierarchical Cross-Linked Composite for Enhanced Microwave Absorption

    Lei Liu*, Shenao Pang, Zhuhui Luo

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.11, pp. 3891-3906, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.028192

    Abstract The recycling of carbon fibers and protection from unwanted microwave radiation are two important environmental issues that need to be addressed in modern society. Herein, branched carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were grown in-situ on recycled carbon fibers (RCFs) through the chemical vapor deposition method using nickel as catalysts and thiophene as aided-catalysts. The effect of thiophene on the growth morphology of CNFs was investigated. Correspondingly, branched CNFs-RCFs and straight CNFs-RCFs were respectively obtained in the presence and absence of thiophene. The microstructure and electromagnetic behaviour investigations have shown that the branched CNFs possess a typical multi-branched structure, with more defects, pores… More > Graphic Abstract

    <i>In-Situ</i> Growing of Branched CNFs on Reusable RCFs to Construct Hierarchical Cross-Linked Composite for Enhanced Microwave Absorption

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Effect of Multi-Hydroxyl Polymer-Treated MUF Resin on the Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Manufactured with Reed Straw

    Yuhui Huang1, Zhiyuan Yin1,2, Ming Liu1, Meng Li1, Yingfeng Zuo1, Yan Qing1, Yiqiang Wu1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.9, pp. 3417-3431, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.028511

    Abstract The poor bonding performance between aqueous adhesives represented by melamine-urea formaldehyde (MUF) resins and reed straw hinders their applications in the field of non-wood-based panels. Multi-hydroxyl polymers are highly reactive and are often used as crosslinkers. This study fabricated a resin with a strengthened cross-linked structure by combining a multi-hydroxyl polymer and MUF resin prepolymer. The reed particleboard was prepared by using this resin as an adhesive and reed stalk as the matrix. The results show that neighboring molecules combined to form C–O–C bonds that strengthened the cross-linked structure of the resin. In addition, the viscosity of the resin was… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Preparation of Peanut Shell Cellulose Double-Network Hydrogel and Its Adsorption Capacity for Methylene Blue

    Yalin Li1,*, Lei Liu1, Wenbao Huang1, Junpu Xie2, Zhaoxia Song1, Shuna Guo1, Enci Wang1

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.7, pp. 3001-3023, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.026604

    Abstract To achieve optimal recovery and value-added utilisation of cellulose in peanut shells, the cellulose in peanut shells was first extracted using the sodium hydroxide-sodium chlorite method. Then, cellulose hydrogel was prepared by graft copolymerisation using N, N’-methylenebisacrylamide as the cross-linking agent, sodium persulfate as the initiator, and acrylic acid as the monomer. Orthogonal optimisation experiments were designed to obtain optimal process parameters for hydrogel preparation with the cellulose dosage of 0.40 g, initiator dosage of 0.20 g, polymerisation temperature of 70°C, cross-linking agent of 0.25 g, and monomer dosage of 3.0 mL. The effect of initiator dosage on hydrogel synthesis was… More > Graphic Abstract

    Preparation of Peanut Shell Cellulose Double-Network Hydrogel and Its Adsorption Capacity for Methylene Blue

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Performance Analysis of a Profile Control Agent for Waste Drilling Fluid Treatment

    Xueyu Zhao*

    FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.19, No.7, pp. 1897-1905, 2023, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2023.025247

    Abstract A method for the treatment of hazardous waste drilling fluids, potentially leading to environmental pollution, is considered. The waste drilling fluid is treated with an inorganic flocculant, an organic flocculant, and a pH regulator. The profile control agent consists of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, formaldehyde, hexamethylenetetramine, resorcinol, phenol, and the treated waste drilling fluid itself. For a waste drilling fluid concentration of 2500 mg/L, the gelling time of the profile control agent is 25 h, and the gelling strength is 32,000 mPa.s. Compared with the profile control agent prepared by recirculated water under the same conditions, the present profile control agent displays better… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Comparative Investigation of the Biodegradation Behaviour of Linseed Oil-Based Cross-Linked Composites Filled with Industrial Waste Materials in Two Different Soils

    Eglė Malachovskienė1,*, Danguolė Bridžiuvienė1, Jolita Ostrauskaitė2, Justina Vaičekauskaitė2, Gailė Žalūdienė3

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 1255-1269, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023574

    Abstract The biodegradation of polymeric biocomposites formed from epoxidized linseed oil and various types of fillers (pine needles, pine bark, grain mill waste, rapeseed cake) and a control sample without filler was studied during 180 days of exposure to two types of forest soil: deciduous and coniferous. The weight loss, morphological, and structural changes of polymer composites were noticed after 180 days of the soil burial test. The greatest weight loss of all tested samples was observed in coniferous forest soil (41.8%–63.2%), while in deciduous forest soil, it ranged between 37.7% and 42.3%. The most significant changes in the intensities of… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Assisted Compatibility, and Balanced Regulation of the Mechanical, Thermal, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chinese Bayberry Tannin Extract Films Using Different Di-Aldehydes as Cross-Linkers

    Jingjing Liao1,2, Jinxing Li2, Fuxian Yang2, Yan Zhu2, Hongyan Wang3, Guanben Du1,2,*, Hisham Essawy4, Xiaojian Zhou2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 359-372, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016335

    Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based films containing Chinese bayberry tannin (BT) were prepared by cross-linking using glyoxal, glutaraldehyde and dialdehyde starch, individually. The presence of cross-linkers was evident to promote the transparency and decrease the moisture content of PVA/BT films, while the water solubility stayed almost unchanged in the cross-linked PVA/BT films. All cross-linkers provided promotion of the water vapor permeability, mechanical property and thermal stability of PVA/BT films. The best water vapor barrier capacity was found in case of glutaraldehyde cross-linked PVA/BT film, while the highest tensile strength was encountered in case of glyoxal cross-linked PVA/BT films, compared with the uncross-linked… More > Graphic Abstract

    Assisted Compatibility, and Balanced Regulation of the Mechanical, Thermal, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Chinese Bayberry Tannin Extract Films Using Different Di-Aldehydes as Cross-Linkers

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Three-month effects of corneal cross-linking on corneal fibroblasts

    XINYAN CHEN1,2, HAIXIA ZHANG1,2, LIN LI1,2,*

    BIOCELL, Vol.45, No.4, pp. 1023-1032, 2021, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2021.014873

    Abstract Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) has revolutionized the treatment of keratoconus in the past decade. In order to evaluate the 3-month effects of CXL on corneal fibroblasts, a longitudinal study at the tissue and cellular level was carried out with a total of 16 rabbits that underwent CXL, deepithelialization (DEP), or non-treatment (control) and kept for 1 to 3 months. The duration of corneal stromal remodeling after CXL was determined by examining the differentiation, apoptosis, and number changes of keratocytes in tissue sections from animals 1, 2, or 3 months post-treatment. Upon the finish of tissue remodeling, separate rabbits were used… More >

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