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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Curing Process of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin for Plywood under Vacuum Conditions

    Guobing Xiong1, Lu Hong2, Zehui Ju3, Xiaoning Lu3,*, Juwan Jin3,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.9, pp. 3447-3461, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.027430 - 20 July 2023

    Abstract The study characterized the curing behaviors of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin under different vacuum degrees and explored the properties of 9-ply plywood panels hot-pressed under both vacuum and atmospheric conditions. The changes in core temperature and moisture content of the plywood mats during hot pressing were investigated as well. It was found that the gel times and gel temperatures of PF resin decreased with the increase of vacuum degree using a self-made device. FTIR spectra indicated the degree of polycondensation of hydroxymethyl gradually increased with the increase in temperature. It was also observed that a… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester Filled with Waste Coconut Shells, Walnut Shells, and Carbon Fibers

    Marwah Subhi Attallah, Reem Alaa Mohammed*, Ruaa Haitham Abdel-Rahim

    FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.19, No.10, pp. 2449-2469, 2023, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2023.027750 - 25 June 2023

    Abstract This study aims to evaluate the erosion behavior and the hardness of hybrid composites made of varying amounts of coconut shells, walnut shells, and carbon fibers dispersed in a polyester matrix. MINITAB (L16) Taguchi experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of parameters. In particular, an erosion device consisting of a motor with a constant flow rate of 45 L/min, a pump with a diameter of 40 mm, a nozzle with a diameter of 5 mm, and a tank made of “perspex glass” 55 cm long, 30 cm tall, and 25 cm wide was used. The tests were conducted by… More > Graphic Abstract

    Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester Filled with Waste Coconut Shells, Walnut Shells, and Carbon Fibers

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Durability Testing of Composite Aerospace Materials Based on a New Polymer Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin

    Jinlong Shang*

    FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.19, No.9, pp. 2315-2328, 2023, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2023.026742 - 16 May 2023

    Abstract In this study, the durability of a new polymer carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin used to produce composite material in the aerospace field is investigated through analysis of the corrosion phenomena occurring at the microscopic scale, and the related infrared spectra and thermal properties. It is found that light and heat can contribute to the aging process. In particular, the longitudinal tensile strength displays a non-monotonic trend, i.e., it first increases and then decreases over time. By contrast, the longitudinal compressive and inter-laminar shear strengths do not show significant changes. It is also shown that the More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    A Review of Graphene Oxide Crosslinking as Enhanced Corrosion Shield Application

    Nurul Anis Athirah Ab Aziz*, Chin Wei Lai*, Boon Hoong Ong

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.6, pp. 2745-2770, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025899 - 27 April 2023

    Abstract Nowadays, corrosion is not only undesirable, but it also has a significant influence on the industrial sectors and technical innovations that have demand for metals. The global economic damage is expected to reach $2.5 trillion, equivalent to more than 3.4% of the world’s GDP in 2013. It is linked with significant financial harm, manufacturing pollution, and safety issues. An electrochemical process primarily induces metal corrosion at the metalelectrolyte interface region, caused by steel oxidation and the reduction of oxygen, protons, and water. Therefore, organic and epoxy coatings can be applied as protective coatings. Additionally, it… More > Graphic Abstract

    A Review of Graphene Oxide Crosslinking as Enhanced Corrosion Shield Application

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    External UHF Sensor for GIS PD Insulation Defect from Resin Hole

    Li Xiao1,2, Xu Yang1,2,*, Guozhi Zhang1,2, Lin Cheng1,2, Yi Jiang1,2, Chuanxian Luo1,2, Jing Zhang1,2

    Energy Engineering, Vol.120, No.5, pp. 1239-1252, 2023, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.025530 - 20 February 2023

    Abstract In view of the effective perception demand of PD (Partial Discharge) insulation defect of in-service GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear), the external UHF (Ultra High Frequency, 0.3−3 GHz) sensing technology for GIS PD insulation defect from resin hole is studied in this paper. Firstly, rectangular waveguide theory is used to analyze the electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics from rectangular resin hole in GIS disc insulator. It is found that the energy of leaked electromagnetic wave mainly concentrates in the frequency band above 1 GHz. Then based on this frequency band characteristics, a cavity-backed bowtie sensor for GIS… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Experimental Study on the Reinforcement of Weakly-Consolidated Shallow Formation in Deep Water Using an Epoxy Resin-Based Fluid

    Leiju Tian1, Yuhuan Bu1,*, Huajie Liu1,*, Lingyun Zhao2,3

    FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.19, No.5, pp. 1215-1226, 2023, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2022.022219 - 30 November 2022

    Abstract The mechanical properties of Portland cement differ from the weakly consolidated shallow formation in deep water. This results in undesired abrupt changes in the compressive strength and elastic modulus at the cement–formation interface. In this study, a water-borne epoxy resin was applied as a strengthening material to reinforce the weakly consolidated shallow formation and protect the cement sheath from potential failure. The mechanical properties of the unconsolidated clay were tested, including their changes with increases in the temperature and curing time. In addition, the effects of the seawater, cement slurry alkaline filtrate, and saltwater drilling More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Valorization of Aloe barbadensis Miller. (Aloe vera) Processing Waste

    Jeltzlin Semerel1, Nigel John1, Wim Dehaen2, Pedro Fardim3,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 1031-1061, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023449 - 31 October 2022

    Abstract Aloe vera plant is known worldwide for its medicinal properties and application in gel-based products such as shampoo, soap, and sunscreen. However, the demand for these gel-based products has led to a surplus production of Aloe vera processing waste. An Aloe vera gel processing facility could generate up to 4000 kg of Aloe vera waste per month. Currently the Aloe vera waste is being disposed to the landfill or used as fertilizer. A sustainable management system for the Aloe vera processing waste should be considered, due to the negative societal and environmental impacts of the currents waste disposal methods. Therefore, this… More > Graphic Abstract

    Valorization of <i>Aloe barbadensis</i> Miller. (<i>Aloe vera</i>) Processing Waste

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Modification of Wood by Tannin-Furfuryl Alcohol Resins–Effect on Dimensional Stability, Mechanical Properties and Decay Durability

    Mahdi Mubarok1,2, Christine Gérardin-Charbonnier1,*, Elham Azadeh1, Firmin Obounou Akong1, Stéphane Dumarçay1, Antonio Pizzi1, Philippe Gérardin1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 505-521, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.024872 - 22 September 2022

    Abstract Furfurylation is a well-known wood modification technology. This paper studied the effect of tannin addition on the wood furfurylation. Three kinds of dicarboxylic acids, adipic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid, as well as glyoxal as a comparing agent, were used to catalyse the polymerisation of furanic or tannin-furanic solutions during wood modification. Impregnation of furanic or tannin-furanic solution at a certain concentration into the wood followed with curing at 103°C for a specific duration was performed for the wood modification. Different properties of the modified woods like dimensional stability, resistance of treatment to leaching, More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    MUF Resins Improved by Citric Acid as Adhesives for Wood Veneer Panels

    Claudio Del Menezzi1,2,3, Antonio Pizzi2,*, Siham Amirou2, Xuedong Xi4,5

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 539-553, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.024971 - 22 September 2022

    Abstract

    This article presents the first applied results of using citric acid in combinations with a melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin for bonding wood veneers. The chemical reactions involved are shown based on a MALDI ToF analysis of the reaction of the MUF resin with citric acid. The preliminary results of the physical and mechanical properties of the LVL prepared are also presented. Veneers from Populus sp were used to manufacture 5-layer laminated veneer lumber (LVL) of small dimensions. Five combinations of the amount of citric acid, MUF spread rate and pressing parameters were tested. LVL bonded with 20%

    More > Graphic Abstract

    MUF Resins Improved by Citric Acid as Adhesives for Wood Veneer Panels

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    A Review of Soy-Tannin Gelling for Resins Applications

    Antonio Pizzi*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.1, pp. 1-25, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023314 - 10 August 2022

    Abstract Soy flour (SF), soy protein and soy protein isolates (SPI) have been the focus of increasing research on their application as new materials for a variety of applications, mainly for wood adhesives and other resins. Tannins too have been the focus of increasing research for similar applications. While both materials are classed as non-toxic and have achieved interesting results the majority of the numerous and rather inventive approaches have still relied on some sort of hardeners or cross-linkers to bring either of them or even their combination to achieve acceptable results. The paper after a More >

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