Jyun-Jie Wang¹, Yin-Chen Lin¹, Chi-Chun Chen^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.3, pp. 5595-5624, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066160 - 23 October 2025

Abstract Digital watermarking must balance imperceptibility, robustness, complexity, and security. To address the challenge of computational efficiency in trellis-based informed embedding, we propose a modified watermarking framework that integrates fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering into the generation off block codewords for labeling trellis arcs. The system incorporates a parallel trellis structure, controllable embedding parameters, and a novel informed embedding algorithm with reduced complexity. Two types of embedding schemes—memoryless and memory-based—are designed to flexibly trade-off between imperceptibility and robustness. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing approaches in bit error rate (BER) and computational complexity under More >

Siwakorn Banluesapy, Mahasak Ketcham^*, Montean Rattanasiriwongwut

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4261-4296, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068422 - 30 September 2025

Abstract Traditional agricultural irrigation systems waste significant amounts of water and energy due to inefficient scheduling and the absence of real-time monitoring capabilities. This research developed a comprehensive IoT-based smart irrigation control system to optimize water and energy management in agricultural greenhouses while enhancing crop productivity. The system employs a sophisticated four-layer Internet of Things (IoT) architecture based on an ESP32 microcontroller, integrated with multiple environmental sensors, including soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light intensity sensors, for comprehensive environmental monitoring. The system utilizes the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication protocol for reliable data transmission and… More >

Tuhid Pashaee Golmarz¹, Seyyed Kazem Yekani^1,*, Ebrahim Abdi aghdam²

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4121-4134, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067446 - 30 September 2025

Abstract Since the beginning of the 20th century, alkaline electrolysis has been used as a proven method for producing hydrogen on a megawatt scale. The existence of parasitic shunt currents in alkaline water electrolysis, which is utilized to produce clean hydrogen, is investigated in this work. Analysis has been done on a 20-cell stack. Steel end plates, bipolar plates, and an electrolyte concentration of 6 M potassium hydroxide are all included in the model. The Butler-Volmer kinetics equations are used to simulate the electrode surfaces. Ohmic losses are taken into consideration in both the electrode and… More >

Wen Wang^1,*, Yulong Zhao¹, Bo Li², Bowen Guan¹, Haoran Sun^1,3, Tao Zhang¹

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.9, pp. 2331-2357, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.068990 - 30 September 2025

Abstract Condensate gas reservoirs have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their significant development potential and dual value from both natural gas and condensate oil. However, their exploitation is often hindered by the dual challenges of retrograde condensation and water invasion, which can markedly reduce recovery factors. CO₂ injection offers a promising solution by alleviating condensate blockage, suppressing water influx, and simultaneously enabling geological CO₂ storage. Accordingly, research on optimizing CO₂ injection to mitigate formation damage is critical for the efficient development and management of edge- and bottom-water condensate gas reservoirs. In this study, a long-core… More >

Oswaldo González-Gaxiola¹, Yakup Yildirim^2,3,4, Luminita Moraru^5,6, Anjan Biswas^7,8,9,10,*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.9, pp. 2273-2287, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.067959 - 30 September 2025

Abstract This study presents a numerical investigation of shallow water wave dynamics with particular emphasis on the role of surface tension. In the absence of surface tension, shallow water waves are primarily driven by gravity and are well described by the classical Boussinesq equation, which incorporates fourth-order dispersion. Under this framework, solitary and shock waves arise through the balance of nonlinearity and gravity-induced dispersion, producing waveforms whose propagation speed, amplitude, and width depend largely on depth and initial disturbance. The resulting dynamics are comparatively smoother, with solitary waves maintaining coherent structures and shock waves displaying gradual… More > Graphic Abstract

Hongwei Ma¹, Yingqian Tian^2,*, Fuzhang Wang^3,*, Quanfu Lou⁴, Lijuan Yu⁴

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.3, pp. 3419-3432, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.070791 - 30 September 2025

Abstract This study introduces a novel single-layer meshless method, the space-time collocation method based on multiquadric-radial basis functions (MQ-RBF), for solving the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers (BBMB) equation. By reconstructing the time variable as a space variable, this method establishes a combined space-time structure that can eliminate the two-step computational process required in traditional grid methods. By introducing shape parameter-optimized MQ-RBF, high-precision discretization of the nonlinear, dispersive, and dissipative terms in the BBMB equation is achieved. The numerical experiment section validates the effectiveness of the proposed method through three benchmark examples. This method shows significant advantages in computational efficiency, More >

Rodrigo Rafael da Silva^1,*, Gabriela Carvalho Maia de Queiroz¹, Amanda Cibele da Paz Sousa¹, Antônio Gustavo de Luna Souto¹, Francisco Hélio Alves de Andrade ², Francimar Maik da Silva Morais¹, Rita Magally Oliveira da Silva Marcelino¹, Fagner Nogueira Ferreira¹, Alex Alvares da Silva³, Maria Isabela Batista Clemente¹, Baltazar Cirino Junior¹, Wedson Aleff Oliveira da Silva¹, Mateus de Freitas Almeida dos Santos¹, José Francismar de Medeiros^1,*

Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.9, pp. 2797-2814, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.068089 - 30 September 2025

Abstract Due to its tolerance to water deficit and salinity, sorghum is considered a suitable crop for cultivation in regions affected by these stress conditions, enabling the efficient use of limited water resources. This study evaluated the resilience of the sweet sorghum cultivar BRS 506 under water deficit and salinity stress, focusing on water relations and yield performance in semiarid conditions. A randomized complete block design was employed in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with four replicates. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation water salinity (1.50, 3.75, and 6.00 dS m⁻¹) and three irrigation levels… More >

Ashwini Bhat¹, Nagaraj N. Katagi¹, M. C. Gowrishankar², Manjunath Shettar^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 2715-2728, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069842 - 23 September 2025

Abstract This research explores the water uptake behavior of glass fiber/epoxy composites filled with nanoclay and establishes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict water uptake percentage from experimental parameters. Composite laminates are fabricated with varying glass fiber and nanoclay contents. Water absorption is evaluated for 70 days of immersion following ASTM D570-98 standards. The inclusion of nanoclay reduces water uptake by creating a tortuous path for moisture diffusion due to its high aspect ratio and platelet morphology, thereby enhancing the composite’s barrier properties. The ANN model is developed with a 3–4–1 feedforward structure and learned… More >

Jian Yang¹, Xinghao Gou¹, Jiayi Sun², Fei Liu¹, Xiaojin Zhou¹, Xu Liu¹, Tao Zhang^2,*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.8, pp. 1935-1954, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.066730 - 12 September 2025

Abstract Shale gas production involves complex gas-water two-phase flow, with flow patterns in proppant-filled fractures playing a critical role in determining production efficiency. In this study, 3D geometric models of 40/70 mesh ceramic particles and quartz sand proppant clusters were elaborated using computed tomography (CT) scanning. These models were used to develop a numerical simulation framework based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), enabling the investigation of gas-water flow behavior within proppant-filled fractures under varying driving forces and surface tensions. Simulation results at a closure pressure of 15 MPa have revealed that ceramic particles exhibit a More >

Konstantin Busov^1,*, Nikolay Mazheiko¹, Leonid Plotnikov², Boris Zhilkin²

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.4, pp. 1203-1214, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.067598 - 29 August 2025

Abstract Experimental research into the boiling-up of a free jet of superheated water discharging through a short cylindrical nozzle with sharp inlet and outlet edges into the atmosphere has been carried out. The change in the shape of a liquid jet has been traced through changes in thermodynamic parameters (temperature, pressure) along the saturation line in both the visible range and the infrared spectrum. The flow shapes corresponding to various modes of boiling-up have been identified. With thermal-imaging diagnostics, heterogeneities in the spray plume of a superheated liquid jet have been recorded and temperature distributions have More >