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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Study on a Magnesium-Based Layered Composite Used as a Flame Retardant for Phenolic Epoxy Resins

    Hongxiang Liu1,2,,*, Neng Xiong1,2, Songli Wang1,2, Wei Zhang1,2, Bo Yong1,2

    FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.18, No.3, pp. 549-561, 2022, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2022.017979 - 22 February 2022

    Abstract

    The effects of a magnesium-based layered composite on the flammability of a phenolic epoxy resin (EP) are studied. In order to produce the required composite material, first, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum salt and deionized water are mixed into a reactor according to a certain proportion to induce a hydrothermal reaction; then, the feed liquid is filtered out using a solid-liquid separation procedure; finally, the material is dried and crushed. In order to evaluate its effects on the flammability of the EP, first, m-phenylenediamine is added to EP and vacuum defoamation is performed; then, EP is poured into

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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Vanillin-Derived, DOPO-Contained Bisphenol as a Reactive Flame Retardant for High-Performance Epoxy Thermosets

    Li Wang1,2,#, Rongbai Tong3,#, Juanli Wang1,2,*, Jintao Wan1,2,*, Yuhu Li1,2, Pujun Jin1,2, Daodao Hu1,2

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 1349-1364, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019372 - 22 December 2021

    Abstract Quest for bio-based halogen-free green flame retardant has attracted many concerns in recent years. Herein a reactive functional flame retardant containing phosphorus VDP is synthesized from vanillin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophene-10-oxide (DOPO) and phenol via a facile way. VDP is characterized with 1H NMR, 31P NMR, FTIR and Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, and used as a new reactive flame retardant for bisphenol epoxy thermosets. Thermogravimetry analysis shows that when the VDP loading is only 0.5P% (based on phosphorus content), the residue increases from 14.2% to 21.1% at 750°C in N2 compare with neat DGEBA. Correspondingly, the limit oxygen index… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Bio-Based Trivalent Phytate: A Novel Strategy for Enhancing Fire Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites

    Bing Zhang1, Sujie Yang1, Mengru Liu1, Panyue Wen2, Xiuyu Liu1, Gang Tang1,*, Xiangrong Xu3,4,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 1201-1220, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018047 - 22 December 2021

    Abstract Biomass phytic acid has potential flame retardant value as the main form of phosphorus in plant seeds. In this study, phytate-based flame retardants aluminum phytate (PA-Al) and iron phytate (PA-Fe) were synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, they were introduced into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) as flame retardants by one-step water-blown method. The results indicated that RPUF/PA-Fe30 exhibited the highest char residue of 22.1 wt%, significantly higher than 12.4 wt% of RPUF. Cone calorimetry analysis showed that the total heat release (THR) of RPUF/PA-Al30 decreased by 17.0% and total smoke release (TSR) decreased by 22.0% compared with pure RPUF, More > Graphic Abstract

    Bio-Based Trivalent Phytate: A Novel Strategy for Enhancing Fire Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Recent Advances in Flame Retardant Bio-Based Benzoxazine Resins

    Hongliang Ding, Xin Wang*, Lei Song, Yuan Hu

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 871-895, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018150 - 02 November 2021

    Abstract Benzoxazines have attracted wide attention from academics all over the world because of their unique properties. However, most of the production and preparation of benzoxazine resins depends on petroleum resources now, especially bisphenol A-based benzoxazine. Therefore, owing to the environmental impacts, the development of bio-based benzoxazines is gaining more and more interest to substitute petroleum-based benzoxazines. Similar to petroleum-based benzoxazines, most of bio-based benzoxazines suffer from flammability. Thus, it is necessary to endow bio-based benzoxazines with outstanding flame retardancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest advance in flame retardant bio-based benzoxazines. More > Graphic Abstract

    Recent Advances in Flame Retardant Bio-Based Benzoxazine Resins

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Borate-Modified, Flame-Retardant Paper Packaging Materials for Archive Conservation

    Juanli Wang1, Ming Cao2, Jiaxin Li1, Kaiyuan Li1, Xiaolian Chao1, Bingjie Mai1, Yuhu Li1,*, Jing Cao1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 1125-1136, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018147 - 02 November 2021

    Abstract Paper packaging materials like cardboards are widely used to protect archives which are a major kind of cultural relics. Unfortunately, paper is a combustible material, and thus exploring environment-friendly flame retardant for paper-based archive packaging material plays an important role. Herein, boric acid, borax and disodium octaborate are used to modify the craft paper-based packaging materials for archive conservation to improve fire safety. The modified craft paper exhibits much higher flame retardancy than the pristine one dose based on vertical burning tests, without much influence on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at More > Graphic Abstract

    Borate-Modified, Flame-Retardant Paper Packaging Materials for Archive Conservation

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A study on Flame-retardancy Property of UV Curable Epoxy Coating for Wooden Surfaces using Boron Diluent and Phosphorus Based Initiator

    RAJKUMAR SINGH RAWAT1,2, MEENU TALWAR1,*, RAJENDRA KUMAR DIWAN2, AJAY KUMAR TYAGI1

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.38, No.3-4, pp. 281-294, 2021, DOI:10.32381/JPM.2021.38.3-4.9

    Abstract In the present paper,boron based diluent was synthesized and incorporated in to a Ultraviolet (UV) radiation curable epoxy coating composition comprising of phosphorus based initiator (Trimethylbenzoyl diphenyl phosphine oxide) for enhancing its flame retardant property. The boron based diluent was synthesized by thermal polymerization technique. The presence of boron and phosphorus on the coating surface was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques and functionality was determination by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and proton/boron NMR spectroscopy technique. The flame retardency property of the coating composition was confirmed by determining limiting More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Study of Burning Behaviors and Fire Risk of Flame Retardant Plywood by Cone Calorimeter and TG Test

    Liping Yu1, Zhongyou Luo1, Lifen Li1, Xuedong Xi2,3, Zhigang Wu1,2,*, Bengang Zhang4,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2143-2157, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016092 - 22 June 2021

    Abstract A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine, guanidine sulfamate, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mixture to prepare plywood. The combustion characteristics and thermal stability of plywood were assessed using a cone calorimeter and TG. Results showed that: (1) High concentration and loading of flame retardant were beneficial for the fire resistance of the plywood. (2) The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and residual mass of plywood processed using the flame retardant was increased by 87.52% and 58.66% compared to those of the untreated… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites

    Qionglin Luo1, Mingliang Wang2, Hui Zhang1, Yuejun Ouyang1, Hongwei Lin1, You Shu1,*, Shengpei Su1,2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2067-2076, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016255 - 22 June 2021

    Abstract Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a thermoplastic material with complete degradability, high biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. It can replace petroleum-based polymers are currently being used in the fields of packaging, agriculture, textiles, medical and so on. However, PLLA’s extremely flammability greatly limits its wider application. An bio-based flame retardant L-APP/PLLA composites was prepared by melt blending of the L-APP and PLLA. The morphology, impact properties, thermal properties and flame retardant properties of composites were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), impact tester, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), limiting oxygen indexer (LOI)… More > Graphic Abstract

    Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant Polyvinyl Alcohol

    You Shu1,2, Qionglin Luo2, Hongwei Lin2,*, Yuejun Ouyang2, Xiaomin Zhang1,2, Liping Sheng1, Shengpei Su1,2,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 909-921, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.014216 - 20 February 2021

    Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been widely used in the fields of medical, food and packaging due to its excellent biocompatibility, good fiber-forming and film-forming properties. However, the high flammability of PVA has greatly limited its wider applications. The flame-retardant PVA was prepared by melt blending of a bio-based flame retardant (prepared from lignin, phosphoric acid and carbamide) with thermoplastic PVA (TPVA). The chemical structure, morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties, fire property and fluidity of this flame retardant PVA were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA), impact tester, universal… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Steam Exploded Peanut Shell Fiber as the Filler in the Rigid Polyurethane Foams

    Zehui Ju1, Qian He1, Tianyi Zhan1, Haiyang Zhang1,*, Lin Sun1, Lu Hong1, Xinyi Shi2, Xiaoning Lu1,*

    Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.7, No.11, pp. 1077-1091, 2019, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2019.07525 - 14 July 2021

    Abstract In this study, steam exploded peanut shell fibers (SE-PSFs) were utilized to fabricate with rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) in order to improve sound absorption performance and hydrothermal weather resistance. Optimized method of SE treatment, RPUF preparation and flame retardant treatment were selected to prepare SE-PSF/RPUF composites in this experiment. Physical and mechanical properties including density, water absorption capacity, thickness swelling rate, compressive strength, thermal conductivity and average sound absorption coefficient of SE-PSF/RPUF were investigated and compared with the control (PRUF). The results showed that the density, water absorption capacity, thickness swelling rate and thermal conductivity More >

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