Inam Ullah Khan¹, Muhammad Abul Hassan², Muhammad Fayaz³, Jeonghwan Gwak^4,5,6,7,*, Muhammad Adnan Aziz¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 3653-3666, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020697

Abstract Most interesting area is the growing demand of flying-IoT mergers with smart cities. However, aerial vehicles, especially unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have limited capabilities for maintaining node energy efficiency. In order to communicate effectively, IoT is a key element for smart cities. While improving network performance, routing protocols can be deployed in flying-IoT to improve latency, packet drop rate, packet delivery, power utilization, and average-end-to-end delay. Furthermore, in literature, proposed techniques are very much complex which cannot be easily implemented in real-world applications. This issue leads to the development of lightweight energy-efficient routing in flying-IoT networks. This paper addresses the… More >

V. Praveena¹, A. Vijayaraj², P. Chinnasamy³, Ihsan Ali^4,*, Roobaea Alroobaea⁵, Saleh Yahya Alyahyan⁶, Muhammad Ahsan Raza⁷

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 2639-2653, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020066

Abstract In recent years, progressive developments have been observed in recent technologies and the production cost has been continuously decreasing. In such scenario, Internet of Things (IoT) network which is comprised of a set of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), has received more attention from civilian to military applications. But network security poses a serious challenge to UAV networks whereas the intrusion detection system (IDS) is found to be an effective process to secure the UAV networks. Classical IDSs are not adequate to handle the latest computer networks that possess maximum bandwidth and data traffic. In order to improve the detection performance… More >

Shidrokh Goudarzi^1,2,*, Seyed Ahmad Soleymani^2,3, Mohammad Hossein Anisi⁴, Domenico Ciuonzo⁵, Nazri Kama⁶, Salwani Abdullah¹, Mohammad Abdollahi Azgomi², Zenon Chaczko⁷, Azri Azmi⁶

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.1, pp. 715-738, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019550

Abstract The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising technology that could be used to monitor rivers’ water levels for early warning flood detection in the 5G context. However, during a flood, sensor nodes may be washed up or become faulty, which seriously affects network connectivity. To address this issue, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) could be integrated with WSN as routers or data mules to provide reliable data collection and flood prediction. In light of this, we propose a fault-tolerant multi-level framework comprised of a WSN and a UAV to monitor river levels. The framework is capable to provide seamless data… More >

Navid Ali Khan¹, N. Z. Jhanjhi^1,*, Sarfraz Nawaz Brohi², Abdulwahab Ali Almazroi³, Abdulaleem Ali Almazroi⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.1, pp. 601-618, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019419

Abstract Mavlink is a lightweight and most widely used open-source communication protocol used for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Multiple UAVs and autopilot systems support it, and it provides bi-directional communication between the UAV and Ground Control Station. The communications contain critical information about the UAV status and basic control commands sent from GCS to UAV and UAV to GCS. In order to increase the transfer speed and efficiency, the Mavlink does not encrypt the messages. As a result, the protocol is vulnerable to various security attacks such as Eavesdropping, GPS Spoofing, and DDoS. In this study, we tackle the problem and secure… More >

Yongjie Ding¹, Zhangjie Fu^1,2,*

Journal of Cyber Security, Vol.3, No.2, pp. 69-78, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jcs.2021.019105

Abstract In recent years, with the rapid development of the drone industry, drones have been widely used in many fields such as aerial photography, plant protection, performance, and monitoring. To effectively control the unauthorized flight of drones, using GPS spoofing attacks to interfere with the flight of drones is a relatively simple and highly feasible attack method. However, the current method uses ground equipment to carry out spoofing attacks. The attack range is limited and the flexibility is not high. Based on the existing methods, this paper proposes a multi-UAV coordinated GPS spoofing scheme based on YOLO Nano, which can launch… More >

Jian Li^1,3, Weijian Zhang¹, Yating Hu^1,4, Xiaoguang Li^2,*, Zhun Wang¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.2, pp. 2493-2511, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018743

Abstract This paper proposes a formation of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on the R5DOS (RCC-5 and orientation direction) intersection model. After improving the R5DOS-intersection model, we evenly arranged 16 UAVs in 16 spatial regions. Compared with those of the rectangular formation model and the grid formation model, the communication costs, time costs, and energy costs of the R5DOS model formation were effectively reduced. At the same time, the operation time of UAV formation was significantly enhanced. The leader-follower method can enhance the robustness of the UAV formation and ensure the integrity of communication during UAV formation operation. Finally, we… More >

Bin Xu^1,2,3, Lu Zhang¹, Zipeng Xu¹, Yichuan Liu¹, Jinming Chai¹, Sichong Qin⁴, Yanfei Sun^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.2, pp. 1671-1686, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.018395

Abstract In the IoT (Internet of Things) system, the introduction of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) as a new data collection platform can solve the problem that IoT devices are unable to transmit data over long distances due to the limitation of their battery energy. However, the unreasonable distribution of UAVs will still lead to the problem of the high total energy consumption of the system. In this work, to deal with the problem, a deployment model of a mobile edge computing (MEC) system based on multi-UAV is proposed. The goal of the model is to minimize the energy consumption of the… More >

Omar Almutiry¹, Muhammad Ayaz², Tariq Sadad³, Ikram Ullah Lali⁴, Awais Mahmood^1,*, Najam Ul Hassan⁵, Habib Dhahri¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.2, pp. 1915-1926, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.017702

Abstract Guava is one of the most important fruits in Pakistan, and is gradually boosting the economy of Pakistan. Guava production can be interrupted due to different diseases, such as anthracnose, algal spot, fruit fly, styler end rot and canker. These diseases are usually detected and identified by visual observation, thus automatic detection is required to assist formers. In this research, a new technique was created to detect guava plant diseases using image processing techniques and computer vision. An automated system is developed to support farmers to identify major diseases in guava. We collected healthy and unhealthy images of different guava… More >

Abdelatif Oussar^1,*, Abdelmoumen Ferrag¹, Mohamed Guiatni¹, Mustapha Hamerlain²

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.29, No.2, pp. 467-495, 2021, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2021.01000

Abstract This paper presents the design of a robust architecture for the tracking of an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). To enhance the robustness of the ground vehicle in the face of external disturbances and handle the non-linearities due to inputs saturation, an integral sliding mode controller was designed for the task of trajectory tracking. Stabilization of the aerial vehicle is achieved using an integral-backstepping solution. Estimation of the relative position between the two agents was solved using two approaches: the first solution (optimal) is based on a Kalman filter (KF) the second solution (robust) uses… More >

Kundan Kumar^*, Rajeev Arya

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.38, No.3, pp. 321-337, 2021, DOI:10.32604/csse.2021.016748

Abstract Great strides have been made to realistically deploy multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) within the commercial domain, which demands a proper coordination and reliable communication among the UAVs. UAVs suffer from limited time of flight. Conventional techniques suffer from high delay, low throughput, and early node death due to aerial topology of UAV networks. To deal with these issues, this paper proposes a UAV parameter vector which considers node energy, channel state information and mobility of UAVs. By intelligently estimating the proposed parameter, the state of UAV can be predicted closely. Accordingly, efficient clustering may be achieved by using suitable… More >