Alsoudi Dua¹, Tan Fong Ang¹, Chin Soon Ku^2,*, Okmi Mohammed^1,3, Yu Luo⁴, Jiahui Chen⁴, Uzair Aslam Bhatti⁵, Lip Yee Por^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 2579-2624, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.070413 - 23 September 2025

Abstract Blockchain interoperability enables seamless communication and asset transfer across isolated permissioned blockchain systems, but it introduces significant security and privacy vulnerabilities. This review aims to systematically assess the security and privacy landscape of interoperability protocols for permissioned blockchains, identifying key properties, attack vectors, and countermeasures. Using PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we analysed 56 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025, retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. The review focused on interoperability protocols for permissioned blockchains with security and privacy analyses, including only English-language journal articles and conference proceedings. Risk of bias in… More >

Asrar Mahboob¹, Muhammad Rashad¹, Ghulam Abbas¹, Zohaib Mushtaq², Tehseen Mazhar^3,*, Ateeq Ur Rehman^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 3805-3823, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.067615 - 23 September 2025

Abstract This paper presents a novel blockchain-embedded cybersecurity framework for industrial solar power systems, integrating immutable machine learning (ML) with distributed ledger technology. Our contribution focused on three factors, Quantum-resistant feature engineering using the UNSW-NB15 dataset adapted for solar infrastructure anomalies. An enhanced Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) classifier with blockchain-validated decision thresholds, and A cryptographic proof-of-threat (PoT) consensus mechanism for cyber attack verification. The proposed Immutable LightGBM model with majority voting and cryptographic feature encoding achieves 96.9% detection accuracy with 0.97 weighted average of precision, recall and F1-score, outperforming conventional intrusion detection systems (IDSs) by… More >

Enas W. Abood¹, Ali A. Yassin^2,*, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar^2,3,4,*, Vincent Omollo Nyangaresi^5,6, Iman Qays Abduljaleel², Abdulla J. Y. Aldarwish², Husam A. Neamah^7,8

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 2305-2345, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066579 - 23 September 2025

Abstract The digital revolution era has impacted various domains, including healthcare, where digital technology enables access to and control of medical information, remote patient monitoring, and enhanced clinical support based on the Internet of Health Things (IoHTs). However, data privacy and security, data management, and scalability present challenges to widespread adoption. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review that examines the authentication mechanisms utilized within IoHT, highlighting their critical roles in ensuring secure data exchange and patient privacy. This includes various authentication technologies and strategies, such as biometric and multi-factor authentication, as well as the influence More >

Amal Al-Rasheed¹, Hashim Ali^2,*, Rahim Khan^2,*, Aamir Saeed³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 3419-3436, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065156 - 23 September 2025

Abstract In the domain of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), emerging technologies are crucial to addressing longstanding concerns surrounding transaction security and patient privacy. This paper explores the integration of smart contracts and blockchain technology as a robust framework for securing sensitive healthcare data. By leveraging the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain, the proposed approach ensures transparency, integrity, and traceability of EMR transactions, effectively mitigating risks of unauthorized access and data tampering. Smart contracts further enhance this framework by enabling the automation and enforcement of secure transactions, eliminating reliance on intermediaries and reducing the potential for… More >

Saeed Ullah¹, Junsheng Wu^1,*, Mian Muhammad Kamal², Heba G. Mohamed³, Muhammad Sheraz⁴, Teong Chee Chuah^4,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.2, pp. 2647-2681, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.068849 - 31 August 2025

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem faces growing security challenges because it is projected to have 76.88 billion devices by 2025 and $1.4 trillion market value by 2027, operating in distributed networks with resource limitations and diverse system architectures. The current conventional intrusion detection systems (IDS) face scalability problems and trust-related issues, but blockchain-based solutions face limitations because of their low transaction throughput (Bitcoin: 7 TPS (Transactions Per Second), Ethereum: 15–30 TPS) and high latency. The research introduces MBID (Multi-Tier Blockchain Intrusion Detection) as a groundbreaking Multi-Tier Blockchain Intrusion Detection System with AI-Enhanced Detection, which… More >

Singamaneni Krishnapriya^1,2,*, Sukhvinder Singh¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.2, pp. 1849-1881, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.068326 - 31 August 2025

Abstract The explosive expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) systems has increased the imperative to have strong and robust solutions to cyber Security, especially to curtail Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, which can cripple critical infrastructure. The proposed framework presented in the current paper is a new hybrid scheme that induces deep learning-based traffic classification and blockchain-enabled mitigation to make intelligent, decentralized, and real-time DDoS countermeasures in an IoT network. The proposed model fuses the extracted deep features with statistical features and trains them by using traditional machine-learning algorithms, which makes them more accurate… More > Graphic Abstract

Cecilia Castro¹, Victor Leiva^2,*, Franco Basso^2,3

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.2, pp. 1481-1543, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.067992 - 31 August 2025

Abstract Metaverse technologies are increasingly promoted as game-changers in transport planning, connected-autonomous mobility, and immersive traveler services. However, the field lacks a systematic review of what has been achieved, where critical technical gaps remain, and where future deployments should be integrated. Using a transparent protocol-driven screening process, we reviewed 1589 records and retained 101 peer-reviewed journal and conference articles (2021–2025) that explicitly frame their contributions within a transport-oriented metaverse. Our review reveals a predominantly exploratory evidence base. Among the 101 studies reviewed, 17 (16.8%) apply fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making, 36 (35.6%) feature digital-twin visualizations or simulation-based testbeds,… More > Graphic Abstract

Michael Juma Ayuma^1,*, Shem Mbandu Angolo¹, Philemon Nthenge Kasyoka², Simon Maina Karume³

Journal of Cyber Security, Vol.7, pp. 307-341, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jcs.2025.067360 - 02 September 2025

Abstract Token transmission is a fundamental component in diverse domains, including computer networks, blockchain systems, distributed architectures, financial transactions, secure communications, and identity verification. Ensuring optimal performance during transmission is essential for maintaining the efficiency of data in transit. However, persistent threats from adversarial actors continue to pose significant risks to the integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality of transmitted data. This study presents a comprehensive review of existing research on token transmission techniques, examining the roles of transmission channels, emerging trends, and the associated security and performance implications. A critical analysis is conducted to assess the strengths, More >

Ahmed I. Alutaibi^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 875-903, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.067078 - 29 August 2025

Abstract The rapid evolution of quantum computing poses significant threats to traditional cryptographic schemes, particularly in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) systems that rely on legacy mechanisms like RSA and ECDSA for digital identity verification. This paper proposes a quantum-resilient, blockchain-based identity verification framework designed to address critical challenges in privacy preservation, scalability, and post-quantum security. The proposed model integrates Post-quantum Cryptography (PQC), specifically lattice-based cryptographic primitives, with Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) and Zero-knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) to ensure verifiability, anonymity, and resistance to quantum attacks. A dual-layer architecture is introduced, comprising an identity layer for credential generation and validation,… More >

Maazen Alsabaan¹, Jasmin Praful Bharadiya², Vishwanath Eswarakrishnan³, Adnan Mustafa Cheema⁴, Zaid Bin Faheem⁵, Jehad Ali^6,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.1, pp. 1135-1160, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066969 - 29 August 2025

Abstract The healthcare sector involves many steps to ensure efficient care for patients, such as appointment scheduling, consultation plans, online follow-up, and more. However, existing healthcare mechanisms are unable to facilitate a large number of patients, as these systems are centralized and hence vulnerable to various issues, including single points of failure, performance bottlenecks, and substantial monetary costs. Furthermore, these mechanisms are unable to provide an efficient mechanism for saving data against unauthorized access. To address these issues, this study proposes a blockchain-based authentication mechanism that authenticates all healthcare stakeholders based on their credentials. Furthermore, also… More >