Open Access

ARTICLE

Distributionally Robust Coordinated Scheduling of Generalized Energy Storage-Integrated Energy Systems Driven by Dynamic Electricity-Hydrogen Pricing Mechanisms

Changkuan Zhang¹, Junlong Tang^1,*, Qin Yan², Zijian Ye², Yeke Zhang³, Xinying Deng³
1 School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
2 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
3 State Grid Hunan Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hengyang Power Supply Branch, Hengyang, China
* Corresponding Author: Junlong Tang. Email:
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Clean Energy Technologies for a Sustainable Future)

Energy Engineering https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2026.078252

Received 27 December 2025; Accepted 24 February 2026; Published online 06 May 2026

Abstract

With the rapid growth in the number of new energy vehicles such as battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the contradiction between surging charging/refueling demand and the limited scheduling capability and low operational efficiency of charging stations is becoming increasingly prominent. To address this issue, this paper proposes a distributionally robust coordinated scheduling method for generalised energy storage (GES)–integrated energy systems (IES) based on electricity–hydrogen dynamic pricing. First, a GES structure incorporating integrated charging stations and integrated demand response is constructed, and the energy interaction and coordination mechanisms between this structure and the IES are analysed. Second, based on price elasticity theory, an electricity–hydrogen dynamic pricing mechanism that accounts for unit carbon emissions and load fluctuations is designed to guide users’ charging behaviour shifting and promote the consumption of low-carbon energy. On this foundation, a bi-level robust scheduling model is formulated to minimise the joint operational cost of the GES and the IES. Case study results demonstrate that the proposed model enhances the economic performance of charging stations and amplifies the system’s low-carbon benefits, thereby achieving a balanced distribution of benefits among multiple stakeholders.

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Keywords

Dynamic pricing mechanism for electricity-hydrogen; integrated demand response; generalized energy storage; distributionally robust scheduling; integrated energy systems

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