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F. T. Ibrahim^1,*, A. A. Qassim², S. M. A. Al-Dujayli¹

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 929-937, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.929
Abstract This work, pulse laser deposition technique was employee to synthesize Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films with different lasing energy (500, 600, 700, 800, 900 mJ). Through using different characterization technique to study structural, optical and gas sensing properties. the use of X-ray diffraction, the samples have polycrystalline with cubic structure. The EDX examination showed that the sample contains a suitable amount of Zn, Sn, Cu, and S atoms to form CZTS. UV-VIS measurement indicates that the synthesis of thin films employing a lower laser energy result in a drop in deposit sample thickness, which in turn More >

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Fan He^1,2,3,*, Xu He⁴, Jie Wang¹, Yu Hu⁵

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 939-949, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.939
Abstract Selenium (Se) has garnered significant attention as a promising wide-bandgap material for photovoltaic applications. However, progress in enhancing the efficiency of Se solar cells remains limited. This study addresses this challenge by targeting the critical emitter/Se absorber interface for performance improvement. Through numerical simulations, we systematically investigate the impact of key interface properties—specifically, band alignment and defect characteristics—on device performance. Our results demonstrate that a slight positive conduction band offset (CBO) effectively strengthens absorber band bending and reduces hole concentration at the Se surface. Furthermore, minimizing interface defect density or incorporating donor-type defects significantly alleviates More >

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Akramjon Y. Boboev^1,*, Ulugbek R. Karimberdiev¹, Sardor R. Kadirov², Nuritdin Y. Yunusaliyev¹

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 951-957, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.951
Abstract This paper investigates the possibility of growing solid solutions of the composition (Ge₂)_1−x−y(GaAs_1−δBi_δ)_x(ZnSe)_y on silicon substrates using a germanium (Ge) buffer layer. The optimal conditions for obtaining a structurally high-quality epitaxial layer have been determined. In the study, the solid solution was obtained by liquid-phase epitaxy from a bismuth-containing melt solution. Epitaxial growth was carried out in a palladiumpurified hydrogen atmosphere at a cooling rate of 1 ÷ 1.5°C/min in the temperature range 750 ÷ 650°C. Experimental data showed that the growth of the epitaxial film significantly depends on the size of the gap between the… More >

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T. M. Razykov¹, K. M. Kuchkarov¹, R. T. Yuldoshov¹, M. P. Pirimmatov¹, R. R. Khurramov¹, D. Z. Isakov¹, M. A. Makhmudov¹, A. Matmuratov¹, J. G. Bekmirzoyev¹, A. N. Olimov²

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 959-964, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.959
Abstract This work presents the results of investigating the photovoltaic characteristics of Sb2(SxSe1−x)3 thin film solar cells manufactured on glass substrates with molybdenum coating using the chemical molecular beam deposition method. Illuminated IV and spectral response measurements on Sb₂(S_xSe_1−x)₃ alloy films show that the device with S/(S + Se) = 0.6 delivers the best performance, reaching 6.47% power-conversion efficiency with V_OC = 523 mV, J_SC = 27.2 mA cm⁻² , and a fill factor of 46.71%. More >

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A. B. Rzayeva^1,2,*, F. E. Abbdullayeva¹, S. C. Imanova¹, S. H. Aliyeva^1,2, S. N. Yasinova^1,2

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 965-970, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.965
Abstract Lead indium selenide (PbIn2Se₄) is a promising chalcogenide semiconductor for optoelectronic and energy applications. We report a hydrothermal synthesis route using ethylene glycol under moderate conditions (433– 453 K, 7–12 h), yielding up to 85–87%. The product crystallized into a cotton-like morphology composed of nanoand microparticles. Structural and compositional integrity were confirmed by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. These results demonstrate that hydrothermal synthesis provides an efficient and controllable pathway to high-purity PbIn2Se₄, opening opportunities for its use in advanced functional devices. More >

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R. Yoga Indra Eniya¹, K. Vijayakumar², B. Vigneashwari^3,*

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 971-985, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.971
Abstract Nanocrystals (~16 nm) of semiconducting lead sulphide (PbS) were synthesized using the coprecipitation method, which was characterized for phase and compositional purity. These ultrafine particles of PbS exhibited quantum confinement characteristics, which were revealed by blue-shifting in optical absorption using UV-DRS analysis. These QDs of PbS were driven under the influence of the applied electric field using monodispersed colloidal suspension on the Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) substrate using the electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD). The formation of self-organized arrays of PbS quantum dots (QDs) and their stacked assemblies was achieved through EPD. Interestingly, neither complexing agents nor templates More >

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Xiaowang Lu^1,*, Cheng Luo¹, Xinyu Zhu¹, Ziwen Gu¹, Chen Da¹, Junyan Zhou¹, Junchao Qian²

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 987-995, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.987
Abstract Attapulgite clay-supported CdS composites were synthesized via hydrothermal approach and applied to remove Rhodamine B (RhB). The structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties of the materials were systematically characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, BET and UV-Vis DRS. The combination of CdS and attapulgite could enhance active site availability and surface area, thereby boosting photocatalytic activity.The optimized CdS/attapulgite composite demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination. In addition, a potential photocatalytic degradation mechanism by the composites was proposed. More >

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B. Yassine, B. Tahar^*, G. Fathi, B. Meriem, B. Ibtissem

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.7, pp. 637-648, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.227.637
Abstract In this paper, we designed a two-junction (tandem) solar cell model (tandem solar cell), consisting of an top and bottom subcell with absorber layers of Cu₂SnZnS₄ (CZTS) and Cu₂SnZnSe₄ (CZTSe) materials, respectively, for each subcell with a ZnS buffer layer and a ZnO window layer. This model was validated using the SCAPS-1D numerical simulation program. We also optimized the performance of the tandem cell as a whole using the simulation by studying the effect of the thickness of the absorber layer of the top subcell and the thickness of the absorber layer of the bottom subcell More >

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C. B. Cui^a,b, G. C. Yang^b, Z. Zhang^a,, X. J. Wang^c,

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.6, pp. 507-520, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.226.507
Abstract This research introduces an innovative aptasensor for detecting alpha-fetoprotein with exceptional sensitivity and specificity, employing a novel MoS₂/Fe₃O₄ composite fabricated through an advanced in-situ growth methodology. The composite exhibited a hierarchical flower-like structure with uniformly distributed Fe3O4 nanoparticles, confirmed by SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. The MoS₂/Fe₃O₄ composite demonstrated a 66% increase in surface area (7.16 m^²/g) compared to pristine MoS2, enhancing aptamer immobilization and electron transfer efficiency. Electrochemical characterization revealed a significant increase in interfacial resistance upon AFP binding, with a detection limit of 0.3 pg/mL and a dual linear range of 0.001–0.1 ng/mL and 0.1–100 More >

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S. N. Garibova^a,b,*, А. I. Isayev^a, S. A. Rzayeva^a, F. N. Mammadov^c

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 1-9, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.221.1
Abstract The structure particulars of amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 thermally evaporated on glass substrates, as well as films annealed at temperatures of 500 and 700 K have been studied by the considering of experimentally established facts obtained from X-ray analysis and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The Debye-Scherrer and Williams-Hall methods were applied to the X-ray diffraction data for estimate the size of crystallites, interatomic distances, dislocation density and structure distortion degree. The features of heat treatment effect on numerical values of the above quantities at a given temperatures have been established. The analysis of the spectral distribution of Raman… More >

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H. R. Shakir^a, O. A. Chichan^b, M. S. Sada^c,*, S. A. Hussein^d, S. S. Chiad^e, N. F. Habubi^f, Y. H. Kadhim^g, M. Jadan^h,i

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 77-89, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.221.77
Abstract CdS, and CdS: Al were grown onto glass bases via Chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP). XRD analysis of CdS films indicates a polycrystalline hexagonal structure with a predominant orientation of the (101) plane. The strain decreased from 28.55 to 25.66, and the grain size of undoped CdS films was around (13.51–12.14) nm as Al content rose. According to the results of AFM, CdS, CdS:2% Al, and CdS:4% Al all exhibit smooth surfaces with decreasing particle size in the range of (78.46), (69.75), and (42.20) nm, respectively. The root-mean-square roughness values for CdS and CdS:4% Al were… More >

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U. Anwar^a, N. A. Noor^b, S. Mumtaz^c,*, I. M. Moussad¹

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.3, pp. 261-276, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.223.261
Abstract The combination of two-step synthesis processes is employed for the fabrication of (NiO)(_0.5)/(Fe₂O₃)(_0.5)@C@MoS₂ (NFCM) nanofibers composite through electrospinning and hydrothermal techniques. This nanofiber composite is designed for tunable dielectric materials and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. Using impedance spectroscopy, the electrical properties of an NFCM pellet are analyzed using an equivalent circuit model (R₁1<), with a primary focus on the variation of relaxation time with frequency at different temperatures. Utilizing the Mott. variable range hopping (MVRH) model, and small polaronic hopping model, the localization length of the hoping carriers is determined to be 0.98 Å and More >

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N. F. Rozi^a, L. Hasnimulyati^a, A. Azuraida^b,*

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 57-76, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.221.57
Abstract This paper studies on the theoretical ionizing radiation shielding parameter for the glass of {[(TeO₂)_0.7 (B₂O₃)_0.3]_0.7 [ZnO]_0.3}_1-x {CeO₂}_x by using two software; WinXCOM and PhyX software, which investigate the ability of cerium oxide. The investigation revealed that the 5CeZBTe glass sample, which included the greatest concentration of CeO₂ (0.05 mol), showed the greatest linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and least values in Half Value Layer (HVL) and Mean Free Path (MFP). These results suggest that 5CeZBTe glass has significant potential as an alternative to traditional lead-based radiation shielding, offering a safer environment for both patients and healthcare professionals in More >

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H. A. Ahmed, M. Y. Ali, S. S. Hamood, A. N. Abd^*

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 11-22, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.221.11
Abstract As a potential substitute for antibiotics, cadmium sulfide and zinc oxide nano-particles (CdS and ZnO NPs) were created using laser ablation and a straightforward chemical process, respectively. Target of cadmium sulfide, deionized water, zinc nitrate, and sodium hydroxide were used as precursors. Different characterization techniques were used to characterize the CdS and ZnO NPs. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm that the CdS and ZnO had polycrystalline structures with average crystalline sizes of 54.16 nm and 29.23 nm, respectively. The ZnO particles were densely packed 2D curved nanopetals with a diameter of 51.65 nm, whereas… More >

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S. W. Jo^†, I. H. Kim^†, Y. J. Jeong^*

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.3, pp. 189-196, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.223.189
Abstract Copper selenide has emerged as a promising thermoelectric material due to its unique structural properties and tunable electronic band structure. However, its practical application is hindered by its relatively high thermal conductivity. In this study, we report on the turning of thermal conductivity and thermoelectric energy conversion by preparing a hybrid composite material including nano- and micro-sized Cu₂Se. By employing a hydrothermal synthesis method with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant, we successfully synthesized nano-sized Cu_₂Se particles with uniform size distribution. The incorporation of these nano-sized particles with micro-sized Cu₂Se resulted in a significant reduction in More >

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R. I. Jasim^a, E. H. Hadi^a, A. A. Mansour^b, S. A. Hussein^c, S. S. Chiad^a,*, N. F. Habubi^d, Y. H. Kadhim^e, M. Jadan^f,g

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 43-55, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.221.43
Abstract Using chemical bath deposition (CBD) methods and various molarities, nanostructured CdS thin films were developed. XRD assured that these films were cubic polycrystalline, containing larger grains as the solution's concentration of cadmium ions increased. Dislocation density values dropped from 79.32 to 62.90 as a result, nevertheless. Also, the strain is lowered from 30.88 to 27.50. AFM results demonstrate that these films suffer a decrease in the value of average particle size, root mean square, and roughness with the molarity concentration. SEM images show CdS thin films at various molarities (0.10, 0.15, 0.20) M, indicating reduced More >

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M. R. S. Nasuha^a,*, H. Azhan^b,c, L. Hasnimulyati^c, W. A. W. Razali^c, Y. Norihan^c

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.1, pp. 23-31, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.221.23
Abstract The need for effective shielding materials has grown as radiation-based technologies have been more widely used. Glasses doped with rare earth elements like neodymium oxide, are promising candidates due to their enhanced radiation attenuation properties. Using Phy-X software, this research examines how neodymium oxide doping affects the shielding properties of yttrium lead borotellurite glass. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous structure, while density measurements showed increased density with neodymium oxide addition. The Phy-X software calculated radiation shielding parameters for gamma energies from 10^⁻³ to 10^⁵ MeV. The results demonstrate that neodymium oxide improves gamma irradiation attenuation and More >

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