Open Access

ARTICLE

Yan Ren Than, Sicong Xiao^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082487 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract This paper presents the development and capabilities of the Broad-scope Environment for Dual-phase advanced reactor Operation simulation Kit (BEDOK), an in-house nuclear reactor simulator code created in Singapore to enhance regional expertise in the complex field of numerical simulation techniques and its applications. Designed with an emphasis on both flexibility and precision, BEDOK currently supports steady-state problems in light water reactors (LWRs), with the intention of further development of simulation capabilities, which may cover advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) that are of interest in the local region. The code features a modular architecture, allowing easy… More >

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96

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ARTICLE

Shengya Liu¹, Wei Bian^1,2, Linan Li^1,*, Yang Xue^1,2, Jingxun Yin³
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074804 - 06 August 2026
Abstract Offshore wind energy plays a critical role in achieving global decarbonization goals, while the dynamic response mechanisms of megawatt-scale turbines under complex environmental conditions remain insufficiently characterized. Current research often oversimplifies the effects of monopile flexibility and its interaction with soil dynamics, leading to gaps in dynamic predictions. To address this limitation, this study develops a comprehensive 15-degree-of-freedom dynamic model for a 22 MW monopile offshore wind turbine (OWT) that incorporates nonlinear pile flexibility and soil-structure interaction through p-y and Q-z curves. The integrated analytical framework, established using Euler-Lagrange equations, enables coupled analysis of… More >

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REVIEW

Theint Theint Maw, Shuai Zhou^*, Tek Tjing Lie
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081744 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI in Green Energy Technologies and Their Applications)
Abstract The rapid deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), including photovoltaic (PV) generation, wind turbines (WT), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and electric vehicles (EVs), is transforming modern distribution networks by introducing bidirectional power flows, voltage variations, and increased operational complexity, thereby require enhanced system resilience. This paper presents a systematic review of multi-objective optimization approaches for interconnected multi-microgrid (MMG) systems with explicit consideration of resilience, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A structured literature search and screening process was conducted across major databases, including IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, covering publications from 2015 to 2026. The More >

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635

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70

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ARTICLE

Yiqun Kang^1,*, Zhe Li¹, Li You¹, Haozhe Xiong², Yuxuan Hu³, Fei Wang^4,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078724 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Construction and Control Technologies of Renewable Power Systems Based on Grid-Forming Energy Storage)
Abstract As the world’s energy framework shifts towards a low-carbon model, the widespread incorporation of renewable energy (RE) sources, primarily wind power and photovoltaics (PV), into the power grid is an unavoidable development. The micro-energy grid (MEG), as an integrated system that combines distributed energy, energy storage (ES), and power loads, can achieve efficient consumption of RE by implementing multi-machine optimal allocation and unified coordinated power control for parallel operation of grid-forming energy storage (GFES). For this purpose, this paper puts forward a low-carbon and economic dispatch strategy for MEG that considers multi-machine optimal allocation of… More >

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34

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ARTICLE

Bindu Vadlamudi¹, Subhojit Dawn^1,*, Ishwarya Devarakonda¹, Sri Hari Priya Lanka¹, Sujan Turaka¹, Taha Selim Ustun^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083555 - 06 August 2026
Abstract Agricultural irrigation consumes a large share of electricity in rural areas, creating predictable peak conditions on distribution systems that can lead to grid instability and unreliability. Classic load-forecasting and scheduling methods are time-consuming and unable to respond rapidly to fluctuating irrigation demand. Additionally, most traditional methods require a stable internet connection to function and therefore cannot readily adapt to seasonal changes or crop-specific irrigation requirements. This creates inefficiencies in energy consumption and inconsistencies in water delivery to consumers. To reduce these drawbacks, this research proposes a framework for irrigation forecasting and dynamic scheduling for agricultural… More >

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27

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ARTICLE

Kui Hu, Peng Zhang^*, Xiang Xiao, Yuan Xu, Yunhuang Zhang, Yuan Yuan, Zhiyuan Feng
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078340 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract The rapid development of gas-cooled microreactors (GMRs) for remote and modular power supply necessitates highly efficient and autonomous core power monitoring systems. Traditional monitoring systems, such as those deployed in commercial power plants, rely on dense in-core instrumentation, whereas due to the limitation of space and simplicity in hardware designs, only sparse ex-core detectors are employed in microreactor designs. To address this challenge, this study proposes an advanced online power reconstruction approach based on the higher-order harmonic expansion. A dedicated higher-order harmonic calculation module was developed within a multi-group diffusion framework, capable of executing rapid… More >

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583

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126

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ARTICLE

Kewen Li, Xiaoyong Yu, Shifeng Ou^*, Jueming Pan
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073825 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Analytics on Energy Systems)
Abstract The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (e.g., wind and solar power) into distribution grids and the development of new, source–grid–load–storage coordinated power systems have led to a substantial expansion in the volume of situational awareness data in the distribution networks. Moreover, the transmission of low-voltage distribution measurement data via a power line carrier (PLC) is often susceptible to packet loss and, consequently, data gaps. To address these issues, this paper proposes a data completion method using a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) integrated with a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN). This approach leverages the… More >

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188

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ARTICLE

Supriya Wadekar¹, Shailendra Mittal¹, Ganesh Wakte^2,*, Mrunali Kite², Aditya Ghonmode², Riya Devkate²
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082685 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable Energy Community (REC) Engineering towards Sustainable Development and Energy Poverty Reduction)
Abstract The rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) and the emergence of the Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV) have created considerable operational challenges for modern power systems. Large-scale EV charging can cause peak demand surges, voltage instability, and inefficient utilization of renewable energy resources when charging activities are not effectively coordinated. This study proposes an uncertainty-aware distributed optimization framework for smart EV charging in cyber-physical smart grids, in which charging schedules are coordinated while simultaneously considering grid capacity constraints, stochastic EV arrival patterns, renewable energy variability, and battery degradation effects. A multi-objective optimization model is formulated… More >

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50

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ARTICLE

Rongyu Yang¹, Qiaoxin Li², Hao Cheng^1,*, Rui Gao¹, Yongli Li^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082907 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Hydrogen Energy Systems: Storage, Power-to-Hydrogen, and AI-Enabled Design, Planning, and Operation)
Abstract The prediction of the steady-state performance of the electrolysis cell is not only crucial for evaluating the rationality of its design and operational benchmarks, but also provides an important foundation for understanding its dynamic response behavior. This paper presents an efficient data-driven method based on three-dimensional two-phase numerical simulation and machine learning (ML) to rapidly predict the steady-state performance of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMEC) under multi-physics field coupling conditions. The framework is based on three key operating parameters—temperature, pressure, and inlet flow velocity. A polarization curve dataset was constructed through multi-condition numerical simulations,… More >

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ARTICLE

Tianhui Zhao¹, Jingbo Zhao¹, Peishuai Li^2,*, Hongjin Pan¹, Zhe Chen¹, Bingcheng Cen¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076964 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Grid Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Resources: Technologies, Policies, and Operational Strategies)
Abstract Virtual power plants (VPPs) serve as an effective means to aggregate and manage large-scale distributed energy resources (DERs). They can supply multiple electricity commodities—including electric energy, reserve capacity, and carbon allowances—to power systems. This paper proposes a coordinated market clearing and operation (CMCO) method for VPPs involved in trading multiple electricity commodities. First, we establish a bi-level CMCO framework that integrates the energy, reserve, and carbon markets. At the upper level, we build a distribution system decision model designed to minimize the total system costs, which cover wholesale market transactions and trades between VPPs involving… More >

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47

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ARTICLE

Sana Handor^1,*, Mohamed Manoua², Mohamed Sahlaoui¹, Laura Hrostea³, Mustapha Adar⁴, Mohammed Sajieddine¹, Liviu Leontie³, Abdelati Razouk^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082739 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Emerging Trends in Photovoltaic Technologies, Energy Storage, and Green Hydrogen)
Abstract In this study, thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were deposited onto glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates at room temperature, using plasma-assisted pulsed DC sputtering with a 99.9% pure stoichiometric TiO₂ target. Our research aims to investigate the influence of film thickness on the optical, structural, and morphological properties of TiO₂ nanostructured thin films, as well as its impact on the photovoltaic performance of heterojunctions where TiO₂ serves as the emitter. Using advanced PRISA software, parameters such as refractive index, film thickness, and band gap energy were determined. Spectrophotometry analysis shows that TiO₂ thin film samples More >

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539

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144

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ARTICLE

Fan Zhang, Lingxin Liao^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082305 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Toward Net-Zero Emission: Multidimensional Perspectives on Energy Transition)
Abstract Against the backdrop of the global climate governance paradigm shifting from “consensus building” to “action implementation”, how climate risk drives the green transformation of energy enterprises has become a critical research topic. Based on a sample of Chinese A-share listed energy enterprises from 2016 to 2024, this paper systematically examines the impact of climate risk on green transformation and the mediating role of R&D innovation. This study finds that climate risk accelerates the green transformation of energy enterprises, and this conclusion remains robust after replacing the measurement approaches of core variables. Second, mechanism tests indicate More >

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416

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157

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ARTICLE

Qianpeng Hao^*, Qiang Li, Changyuan Yu, Deqing Zhang, Wenze Li, Yaowen Liu, Chao Wang, Chengran Song, Xiyu Feng, Xingchao Guo
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074324 - 06 August 2026
Abstract Driven by the “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” strategic goals, high penetration of renewable energy poses severe challenges to power system flexibility. Unlocking the adjustable potential of demand-side industrial loads has become a critical pathway for constructing new-type power systems. To address the limitations of existing research, including single-dimensional characterisation of adjustable potential, insufficient consideration of both best and worst solutions in evaluation methods, and a lack of cluster coordination perspectives, this paper proposes a multi-dimensional adjustable potential assessment and priority ranking method for industrial loads. Firstly, based on the Affinity Propagation (AP) and k-means… More >

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651

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210

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ARTICLE

Yujie Yan^1,2, Na An², Yanling Wang^1,*, Xiongwei Liu², Cheng Ji², Shu Jiang³
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.070608 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Geomechanical Issures in the Development of Reservoirs and New Energy)
Abstract Hydraulic fracturing technology is regarded as the most prevalent and effective means for unlocking tight natural fractured sandstone reservoirs and understanding the fracture and pre-existing natural fracture interaction is critical in the hydraulic fracturing design. Based on the global cohesive element model, the geological and engineering parameters were compared to explore the stimulation effectiveness. Numerical simulations demonstrate that when hydraulic fractures encounter natural fractures, various phenomena such as sliding, termination, and crossing occur, demonstrating the complex mechanical interaction. As the joint fracture energy (JFE) increases, a decrease in the total length and width of the… More >

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40

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ARTICLE

Fatin Nadhirah¹, Surajudeen Sikiru^1,2,*, Mohd Muzamir Mahat^1,3
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082624 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract Agricultural waste has received increased attention as a sustainable precursor for activated carbon manufacture because of its availability, inexpensive price, and ecological benefits. However, the search for the right biomass and optimization of the activation process remain one of the major challenges in the production of high-performance composites in energy storage applications. In this study, pyrolysis of durian and eggshells was performed for activated carbon production using sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) and orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) as activating agents, then combined both together with a ratio of 1:1 to produce a hybrid activated carbon to increase the performance… More >

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322

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55

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ARTICLE

Yujie Shi, Guoxing Wu^*, Qingwei Wang, Xieli Fu, Wenfeng Yang
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074213 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract This study proposes an optimized ensemble learning framework for energy-efficiency assessment in low-voltage distribution networks by integrating multiple data sources. The framework integrates heterogeneous data from smart meters, SCADA systems, meteorological stations, and network topology databases, employing advanced feature engineering to extract 89 essential predictors from 147 initial features. Three gradient boosting algorithms—Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM—are combined through an elastic net stacking strategy with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization. The stacking ensemble achieved superior performance with an MAE of 118.4 kWh, an RMSE of 164.2 kWh, an MAPE of 3.98%, and an R² of 0.952, representing 16.8%… More >

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1316

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607

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ARTICLE

Jiyuan Liao¹, Jiangyan Zhao^2,*, Xin Li³, Changmao Liu¹, Banghong Tang¹, Zihan Ling³
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074667 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Energy Management and Process Optimization in Industrial Manufacturing: Towards Smart, Sustainable, and Efficient Production Systems)
Abstract To address the uncertainty and volatility of renewable energy while meeting the requirements of low-carbon economic operation, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimal dispatch model for an integrated wind-solar-hydro-thermal-storage energy system with coupled power-to-gas (P2G) and carbon capture system (CCS). First, a mathematical model of the integrated wind-solar-hydro-thermal-storage energy system with P2G-CCS coupling is developed to promote internal carbon cycling and enhance the capability to accommodate renewable energy. Second, the scheduling problem is formulated as a two-stage robust optimization model. A cardinality-based uncertainty set is adopted to model deviations in renewable energy output, and… More >

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2027

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1162

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ARTICLE

Hasanain A. Abdul Wahhab^1,*, Hamid Abdallah Dhaher², Miqdam T. Chaichan^3,4, Saif Ali Kadhim⁵, Hayder Mohsin Ali⁵, Muataz S. Alhassan⁶, Mohammed Fathi Muzahem³
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083821 - 06 August 2026
Abstract The magnetohydrodynamics of bubbly nanofluid flow in a horizontal pipe was studied. The drag-reduction effect of the behavior of a magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid in bubbly flow was experimentally verified by generating bubbles in the flow. The study examined the effects of the magnetic field on bubble formation by observing bubble characteristics, including shape, size, and trajectory. The experimental analysis adopted an optical system using a high-speed video camera. A MATLAB code was developed to track bubble formation in bubbly flow. The magnetic field affects the continuous nanofluid phase and, in turn, influences the gas phase and… More >

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55

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ARTICLE

Ximing Zhang^1,*, Zhuohuan Li², Xuexia Quan¹, Kai Cheng², Yang Yu²
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073912 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Digital and Intelligent Planning and Operation Technologies for Flexible Distribution Network)
Abstract The “N-1” criterion represents a fundamental principle for assessing the reliability of power systems in static security analysis. Existing studies mainly rely on centralized single-agent reinforcement learning frameworks, where centralized control is difficult to cope with regional autonomy and communication delays. In high-dimensional state–action spaces, these approaches often suffer from low efficiency and unstable policies, limiting their applicability to large-scale grids. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) method enhanced with Curriculum Learning (CL) and Prioritized Experience Replay (PER). The proposed framework adopts a Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution… More >

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2240

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1318

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ARTICLE

Qiang Liu¹, Yongqiang Zhou¹, Chaoyang Lu², Zhen Yan¹, Gangui Yan², Cheng Yang^2,*, Yupeng Wang²
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073028 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract The increasing proportion of power generated by new energy has meant that grid-forming energy storage has become a key method for improving power grid flexibility. However, the small disturbance stability problem has become an important challenge. The issue is that grid-forming energy storage is prone to low-frequency oscillation under strong grid conditions. Therefore, this study proposes a multi damping torque model to analyze the small signal stability of grid-forming energy storage converters. The impact of grid strength, operating conditions, and control parameters on the damping characteristics of the low-frequency oscillation by the system was quantitatively More >

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ARTICLE

Tommaso Ferrucci^1,*, Francesco Roncallo², Marta Lupattelli², Nikola Matak³, Smail Zouggar⁴, Hassan Zahboune⁴, Carolina Pastor De Paz⁵, Adrian Alarcon Becerra⁶, Alexis Godefroy⁷
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081159 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from the SDEWES 2025 Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)
Abstract Mini-grids are increasingly regarded as a key pathway for expanding reliable and low-carbon electricity access in developing countries, but the models used to plan them often differ substantially in scope, temporal resolution, spatial detail, and techno-economic representation. This paper reviews and compares five modelling tools developed within the EMERGE project: Hosting Capacity, Optimal Storage Placement, GREENADVISE, CEPIA, and PowSyBl-METRIX. A generalized techno-economic framework is introduced to provide a common basis for comparison, covering objective functions, decision variables, operational constraints, temporal and spatial resolution, solver structure, economic indicators, and the treatment of renewable variability and local… More >

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448

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97

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ARTICLE

Li Sun, Fanjun Zeng, Hongbo Liu, Chenglian Ma^*, Qiting Zhang, Jingzhou Zhu
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073405 - 06 August 2026
Abstract The widespread integration of large-scale wind power has resulted in decreased equivalent inertia in power systems, thereby compromising their frequency regulation (FR) capabilities. Conventional synthetic inertia control faces challenges under stochastic wind conditions, including inadequate utilization of rotor kinetic energy in high wind condition regions and the risk of triggering rotor speed stability limits in low wind condition regions. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, a parameter adaptive synthetic virtual inertial control (SVIC) framework based on wind speed partition is proposed. The control mechanisms are designed differently across partitioned wind condition intervals: in high-wind-speed More >

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538

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ARTICLE

Jeevani Jayasinghe^1,2, Chee-Onn Chow², Lasini Wickramasinghe¹, Upaka Rathnayake^3,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085002 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence Applications in Renewable Energy Forecasting: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions)
Abstract Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems operate under weather conditions that differ significantly from Standard Test Conditions (STC), particularly in tropical regions. This study examines the impact of climatic factors on rooftop PV power generation in the Kurunegala district of Sri Lanka using measured power output and meteorological data. Three grid-connected PV systems with a capacity of 5 kW were monitored over six months, with hourly power output and inverter temperature recorded during the daytime. Corresponding weather data, including solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and cloud cover, were used in this research to identify their… More >

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59

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ARTICLE

Bo Zhang, Zhenhua Zhang^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.087110 - 06 August 2026
Abstract Total loss of feedwater accident is a typical transient among the design extension conditions for pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, directly related to the loss of core cooling capability. Chinese nuclear safety regulations require in-depth analysis of such conditions, while most of the Generation II and modified Generation II units currently in operation were designed prior to the issuance of these regulatory requirements, and their mitigation capability remains to be verified. To evaluate the mitigation capability of CPR1000 nuclear power units in operation in China for this accident, an accident sequence involving main feedwater… More >

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31

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ARTICLE

Lianglei Yin¹, Shuhong Li^1,*, Jun Wu², Jianbing Zhu², Jingjie An², Wei Sheng³
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.9, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084035 - 06 August 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Building Energy Consumption and Conservation)
Abstract To reduce the reheating energy consumption in traditional constant temperature and humidity air conditioning systems, a constant temperature and humidity air conditioning system with condensation heat compensation function is proposed. This system performs reheating treatment on the supply air by combining condensation heat recovery with electric heating, realizing decoupled control of temperature and humidity and ensuring control accuracy. A system model and corresponding experimental platform are established to verify the model’s accuracy, and the experimental results show that the system has a temperature control accuracy of ±0.2°C and a relative humidity control accuracy of ±2%. More >

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