CMES-Vol. 87, No. 6, 2012

Open Access

EDITORIAL

Foreword
Christian Hellmich¹, Pasquale Vena²
CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.87, No.6, 2012
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Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) with Predictable and Controlled Gradient Profiles: Computational Modelling and Realisation
G. Mattei^1,2, A. Tirella^1,2, A. Ahluwalia^1,2
CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.87, No.6, pp. 483-504, 2012, DOI:10.3970/cmes.2012.087.483
Abstract Biological function is intricately linked with structure. Many biological structures are characterised by functional spatially distributed gradients in which each layer has one or more specific functions to perform. Reproducing such structures is challenging, and usually an experimental trial-and-error approach is used. In this paper we investigate how the gravitational sedimentation of discrete solid particles (secondary phase) within a primary fluid phase with a time-varying dynamic viscosity can be used for the realisation of stable and reproducible continuous functionally graded materials (FGMs). Computational models were used to simulate the distribution of a particle phase in a fluid domain. Firstly a… More >

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MicroCT/Micromechanics-Based Finite Element Models and Quasi-Static Unloading Tests Deliver Consistent Values for Young's Modulus of Rapid-Prototyped Polymer-Ceramic Tissue Engineering Scaffold
K.W. Luczynski¹, A. Dejaco¹, O. Lahayne¹, J. Jaroszewicz², W.Swieszkowski², C. Hellmich¹
CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.87, No.6, pp. 505-529, 2012, DOI:10.3970/cmes.2012.087.505
Abstract A 71 volume-% macroporous tissue engineering scaffold made of poly-l-lactide (PLLA) with 10 mass-% of pseudo-spherical tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) inclusions (exhibiting diameters in the range of several nanometers) was microCT-scanned. The corresponding stack of images was converted into regular Finite Element (FE) models consisting of around 100,000 to 1,000,000 finite elements. Therefore, the attenuation-related, voxel-specific grey values were converted into TCP-contents, and the latter, together with nanoindentation tests,entered a homogenization scheme of the Mori-Tanaka type, as to deliver voxel-specific (and hence, finite element-specific) elastic properties. These FE models were uniaxially loaded, giving access to the macroscopic Young's modulus of the… More >

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AFM and Nanoindentation Studies of Bone Nodules on Chitosan-Polygalacturonic Acid-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites
R. Khanna^1,2, D. R. Katti¹, K. S. Katti¹
CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.87, No.6, pp. 530-556, 2012, DOI:10.3970/cmes.2012.087.530
Abstract Here we report a new in situ nanoindentation technique developed to evaluate the composite mechanical behavior of cell-biomaterial construct under physiological conditions over the time scale of bone nodule generation. Using this technique, mechanical behavior of osteoblast cell-substrate interfaces on tissue engineered materials (chitosan-polygalacturonic acid-nanohydroxyapatite (CPH) films) is investigated. Mechanical behavior of cells in the elastic regime over the time scale of cell adhesion (1 day), proliferation (4 days), development (8 days) and maturation (22 days) of bone nodules is evaluated. Our results indicate that the elastic properties of flat cells are higher (indicating stiffer response, after 4 days, as… More >

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Multiscale Characterization of Human Cortical Bone
MC. Ho Ba Tho¹, PE Mazeran², K El Kirat¹, S.F. Bensamoun¹
CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.87, No.6, pp. 557-578, 2012, DOI:10.3970/cmes.2012.087.557
Abstract Mechanical properties of cortical human bone have been investigated for more than four decades. Numerous experimental investigations on bone characterization were performed ; mechanical, vibrational, acoustical testing and morphological, physico-chemical investigations. Due to the techniques, different levels of investigation were performed and subsequently quantitative parameters are concerning different level of structure of bone (organ, tissue,... ). According to our knowledge, few investigations were performed simultaneously on mechanical, morphological and physico-chemical properties of bone. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the influence of multiscale structural characteristics of the bone tissue on its mechanical behavior and to provide some… More >

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