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Open Access

ARTICLE

An APO Algorithm Based on Taguchi Methods and Its Application in Multi-Level Image Segmentation

Jeng-Shyang Pan1,2, Yan-Na Wei3, Ling-Da Chi4, Shu-Chuan Chu1,*, Ru-Yu Wang5, Junzo Watada6
1 School of Artificial Intelligence/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
2 School of Information Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
3 School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
4 Metaverse and New Media College, Yango University, Fuzhou, 350015, China
5 College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
6 School of Data Science, Shimonoseki City University, 2-1-1 Daigakucho, Shimonoseki, 751-8510, Japan
* Corresponding Author: Shu-Chuan Chu. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Nature-Inspired and Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms: Theory, Applications, and Emerging Trends)

Computers, Materials & Continua https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.074447

Received 11 October 2025; Accepted 25 November 2025; Published online 26 December 2025

Abstract

Multilevel image segmentation is a critical task in image analysis, which imposes high requirements on the global search capability and convergence efficiency of segmentation algorithms. In this paper, an improved Artificial Protozoa Optimization algorithm, termed the two-stage Taguchi-assisted Gaussian–Lévy Artificial Protozoa Optimization (TGAPO) algorithm, is proposed and applied to multilevel image segmentation. The proposed algorithm adopts a two-stage evolutionary mechanism. In the first stage, Gaussian perturbation is introduced to enhance local search capability; in the second stage, Lévy flight is incorporated to expand the global search range; and finally, the Taguchi strategy is employed to further refine the optimal solution. Consequently, the global optimization performance and robustness of the algorithm are significantly improved. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed TGAPO algorithm, comparative experiments are conducted with representative optimization algorithms, including the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), in the context of multilevel image segmentation. The segmentation quality is assessed using the minimum cross-entropy function as the performance metric. Experimental results demonstrate that the TGAPO algorithm outperforms the comparison algorithms in terms of segmentation accuracy and convergence speed, and exhibits superior stability in high-threshold segmentation tasks. Furthermore, the proposed method achieves excellent multi-threshold segmentation performance for color images and shows strong potential for practical applications.

Keywords

Meta-heuristic algorithm; multilevel image segmentation; taguchi strategy; minimum cross-entropy threshold; artificial protozoa optimization (APO)

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