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Research on the Mechanism of “Cold Tumor” Formation and Immunotherapy for Its Transformation into “Hot Tumor”

Liang Zhou, Jia Zhou, Zhengyi Wang*
Department of Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610212, China
* Corresponding Author: Zhengyi Wang. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy)

Oncology Research https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2026.069317

Received 20 June 2025; Accepted 15 August 2025; Published online 21 January 2026

Abstract

A clear goal in cold tumor research is to identify strategies for converting them into immunologically ‘hot’ tumors with enhanced immune cell infiltration and activity, thereby improving their responsiveness to immunotherapy. The genesis of cold tumors is exceedingly intricate. In recent times, as the analysis of this phenomenon has been pursued with greater depth, a suite of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies has surfaced. These novel approaches and tactics are anticipated to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment across various dimensions, thereby facilitating the advancement of personalized and precise treatment modalities for cold tumors. The present article addresses the challenge of diminished therapeutic responsiveness to “cold tumors” within clinical settings. It systematically elucidates the multi-faceted regulatory mechanisms underlying immune evasion in cold tumors and offers a detailed analysis of advanced therapeutic strategies that incorporate nanotechnology, gene editing, and artificial intelligence methodologies. Furthermore, the future development trends of immunotherapy were explored in greater depth. It was posited that the convergence of artificial intelligence, multidimensional genomics, and emerging biotechnologies has presented positive prospects for the treatment of cold tumors, and has offered a theoretical foundation and technical framework for the transformation of cold tumors into “hot tumors”.

Keywords

Cold tumor; immunosuppressive factors; formation mechanism; clinical treatment strategies

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