Open Access
REVIEW
Alessandro Poggi*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078483
Abstract The production of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with defined specificity in 1975 marked the subsequent revolution of cancer therapy. mAbs have been essential to characterize the functional features of molecules involved in cancer cell growth and dissemination. The murine mAbs have been modified to create humanized antibodies and, subsequently, fully human antibodies for cancer therapy, thereby avoiding the side effects of xenogenic protein. The antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) increased the antitumor effect of mAbs. We will analyze the functional features of ADCs that recognize the cluster differentiation (CD)30 receptor present on some lymphomas and the human… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Lindokuhle M. Ngema1, Samson A. Adeyemi1,2,*, Yahya E. Choonara1,3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077723
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Therapeutics)
Abstract Primary bone cancer is a relatively rare malignant tumor that manifests in the bone and affects the normal functioning of the bone tissue. Primary bone cancer can be characterized into three subtypes, which are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. Notably, the treatment of primary bone cancer with conventional modalities, like chemotherapy and surgical interventions, has been overwhelmed with dismal clinical outcomes. The conventional therapies are challenged with non-specificity, resulting in off-target effects and ultimate harm to healthy tissue. Particularly, chemotherapy as a first-line treatment option is riddled with poor drug bioavailability, limited tumor accumulation, and More >
Open Access
CASE REPORT
Ferdinando Cione1, Maddalena De Bernardo1,*, Mario Graziano1, Palmiro Cornetta2, Rossella Centola3, Alessandro Caputo1, Pio Zeppa1, Amelia Filippelli1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.073113
Abstract Background: Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common non-melanocytic ocular surface tumor. Treatment options include surgery and topical or injectable therapies, with interferon alpha-2b (IFNα−2b) being a well-tolerated immunomodulatory agent. This case report aims to explore the use of topical IFNα−2b in a patient with multiple OSSN recurrences. Case Description: A 65-year-old woman with a history of recurrent conjunctival papilloma, confirmed as OSSN, was treated with excision and cryotherapy, followed by subconjunctival IFNα−2b injections and eventually topical IFNα−2b (3 million international units-MIU/mL, four times daily for 12 weeks) after further recurrence. Initial discomfort and redness More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yu-Wei Liu1,#, Yung-Kuo Lee2,3,4,#, Kai-Fu Chang2,3, Chung-Bao Hsieh5, Chih-Hsuan Chang2,4, Ching-Chung Ko6,7,8, Hui-Ru Lin4,9, Chi-Jen Wu9,10, Chien-Han Yuan2,4,11,12, Sachin Kumar13,14,15, Dahlak Daniel Solomon13, Do Thi Minh Xuan16, Neethu Palekkode17, Ayman Fathima18, Hung-Yun Lin5,19,20,21,22, Chih-Yang Wang13,14,19, Chih-Jen Yang23,24,*, Yuen-Jung Wu25,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.074013
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Tumor Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Targeted Therapy)
Abstract Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Aberrant glycosylation contributes to tumor progression by regulating receptor signalling, immune evasion, and metastatic. However, the prognostic and therapeutic relevance of glycosylation-related genes (GRGs) in LUAD has not been comprehensively defined. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively evaluate GRG-associated molecular subtypes and their clinical and therapeutic relevance in LUAD. Methods: GRGs were curated from multiple public databases and integrated with transcriptomic and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas LUAD cohort (TCGA-LUAD)… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yuan Guo1,#, Hui Wang2,#, Xiaoyu Zhao3, Xiao Feng3, Xingjian Cai4, Wei Li3,*, Xiaohui Luo4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078850
Abstract Backgrounds: Early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1), originally identified as a critical transcription factor modulating the development and differentiation of B lymphocytes, has recently attracted significant interest owing to its diverse functional characteristics and regulatory mechanisms in solid tumors. Although current evidence suggests a potential connection between EBF1 and oncogenic developments, its exact role in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) is unclear. This study sought to investigate its biological roles and regulatory mechanisms in human PCa. Methods: Bioinformatic analyses were performed utilizing Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) 2.0, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), and Gene… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mi Rim Kim1,#, Jason Lau1,#, Michele Maffezzoli2,#,*, Giuseppe Luigi Banna1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078000
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Therapeutics)
Abstract Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising strategy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but early-generation drugs were limited by suboptimal target selection, heterogeneous drug–antibody ratios, and linker instability, resulting in modest efficacy and relevant toxicities. We performed a narrative review based on a literature search of PubMed and major oncology congresses up to October 2025, with the aim to critically analyzing the evolving biomarker landscape and engineering strategies shaping next-generation ADC development in NSCLC. Emerging approaches to identify targets for ADCs and refine patient selection include digital pathology with artificial intelligence technologies, transcriptomic and proteomic… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Julia Banaszkiewicz1, Paweł Krawczyk2, Tomasz Grenda3, Anna Grenda2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.074037
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Therapeutics)
Abstract Unfavorable epidemiological forecasts indicating a significant increase in cancer incidence and mortality, as well as limitations of traditional cancer treatment methods, prompt the search for new, more effective therapeutic strategies. In response to the difficulties in treating cancer resulting from the significant heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment and the presence of hypoxic and necrotic zones, anaerobic bacteria from the Clostridiaceae family, particularly those of the Clostridium genus, are attracting increasing interest. These bacteria can selectively grow in hypoxic areas of tumors while showing no affinity for healthy tissues. An additional advantage of these bacteria is their… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Guodong Yu1,#, Weiying Ge2,#, Hongliang Yao3, Xuefeng Bai1, Jianfei Wu1, Yuan Wang1, Jiangtao Bai4, Yong Cui1,*, Jijing Han5,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080746
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancements in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment)
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in a chronically inflamed and dysregulated liver metabolism, in which tumor progression and resistance to treatment are orchestrated by the changes in cellular metabolism and immune control. Growing evidence recognizes immunometabolic reprogramming as the two-way interaction of metabolic processes and immune cell capabilities as one of the major determinants of immune evasion and heterogeneity of treatment response in HCC. The review aims to comprehensively evaluate immunometabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma, with a focus on its role in tumor progression, immune regulation, and its potential for biomarker identification and therapeutic targeting. Dysregulated More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Pietro Tralongo1,#,*, Mariagiovanna Ballato1,#, Valeria Zuccalà2, Vincenzo Fiorentino2, Walter Giordano1, Giovanna Casili3, Fabiola Bellinghieri4, Gerardo Caruso5, Filippo Flavio Angileri5, Guido Fadda2, Maurizio Martini2,§, Maria Caffo5,§
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076088
Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor of adulthood, and despite optimal safe resection and chemoradiation, it is still lethal. Neuroscience of cancer has shown that neuronal activities, as well as neurotransmitters, play an active role in the glioma microenvironment. This article aims to integrate the existing literature on the role of neurotransmitters and their receptors in glioblastoma, as well as other gliomas, highlighting areas of therapeutic intervention in the neuron-tumor interface. We will describe the neuro–glioma interface, including functional neuron–glioma synapses and activity-dependent tumor growth. We will also discuss major neurotransmitter… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Irene Bernal-Florindo1,2, Jose Angel Raposo-Puglia2,3, Felix A. Ruiz2,4, Jose Perez-Requena2,5, Cristian Benavides-de la Fuente2,5, Javier Galan2,6, Maria Jose Berruezo-Salazar2,7, Marcial Garcia-Rojo1,2, Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce2,4,*, Antonio Santisteban-Espejo2,8
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079403
Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) constitutes a B-cell malignant lymphoid neoplasm derived from the germinal center. Despite current treatment protocols based on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 30 antibody-drug conjugates, immunotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), between 10% and 20% of CHL patients fail to achieve a complete response. The reasons underlying this lack of treatment sensitivity remain unclear. Traditionally, clinical and analytical variables have constituted the cornerstone of CHL prognostic model development. However, in recent years, the distribution and spatial relationships of cancer and immune cells within the CHL tumor microenvironment (TME) have… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Changyul Kim1,2,#, Yu Ju Jung2,#, Da Hee Son2, Na Young Kim2, Se Gie Kim3, Hee Sung Park1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078448
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Overcoming Drug Resistance in Cancer: Strategies and Natural Compound-Based Therapeutics)
Abstract Backgrounds: Autocrine motility factor (AMF) represents a paradoxical protein with dual roles in cancer progression and therapy. This study investigated AMF-derived tetradecapeptides as novel chemosensitizing agents to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in hematological malignancies (HMs). Methods: Seven AMF variants were screened for anticancer activity across 14 human cancer cell lines using MTT and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Four tetradecapeptides (AMF-derived peptides AAP, HGP, HTP, and SKP) corresponding to the AMF206-219 region were designed and evaluated in three HM cell lines (HL-60, CCRF-CEM, IM-9) for growth inhibition, cellular internalization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Eun-Jeong Jeong1,2,#, Yeon Soo Kim2,#, Yujin Lee3, Jae-Sung Ryu4, Yung Hyun Choi5,6, Eunjeong Kim3,7,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078376
Abstract Objective: The systematic evaluation of expansive genomic databases facilitates the discovery of clinically vital biomarkers. While Sideroflexin 3 (SFXN3) consistently displays elevated expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), its specific pathobiological functions and prognostic value remain insufficiently characterized. This study aims to delineate the clinical and functional significance of SFXN3 in HNSCC. Methods: We interrogated SFXN3 expression patterns, patient survival outcomes, and immune cell infiltration characteristics utilizing multiple independent repositories, including the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and gene expression omnibus (GEO). The prognostic independence of SFXN3 was verified via multivariate Cox regression. These… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wei Jiang1, You Zheng1, Zhouhong Jing2, Xiangling Yu1, Huiying Fang2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078278
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Biomarkers and Treatment Strategies in Solid Tumor Diagnosis, Progression, and Prognosis (Ⅱ))
Abstract Background: Breast cancer treatment is often hampered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To improve therapeutic efficacy, this study developed a folic acid-chitosan (FA-CS)-modified liposomal formulation co-delivering doxorubicin (DOX) and resiquimod (R848) for combined chemotherapy and immune modulation. Methods: The FA-CS-R848/DOX@Lip liposomes were prepared by rotary evaporation and characterized for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL) capacity, and drug release profiles. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were determined to assess the biological effects of the formulation. Antitumor efficacy and biosafety were assessed in an EO771 tumor-bearing mouse model. The macrophage phenotype,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Renata Pacholczak-Madej1,2,*, Mirosława Püsküllüoğlu3,*, Anna Polakiewicz-Gilowska4, Małgorzata Pieniążek5, Iveta Kolářová6, Miroslava Malejčíková7, Lenka Rušinová8, Miloš Holánek9, Renata Soumarová10, Karolina Winsko-Szczęsnowicz11, Justyna Żubrowska12, Aleksandra Konieczna13, Agnieszka Młodzińska13, Daniel Krejčí14, Iwona Danielewicz15, Magdalena Szymanik-Resko15, Tomasz Ciszewski16, Maja Lisik-Habib17, Anika Pękala17, Hana Študentová18, Jan Šustr19, Bogumiła Czartoryska-Arłukowicz11, Aleksandra Łacko5, Jolanta Smok-Kalwat12, Michał Jarząb4, Zuzana Bielčiková20, Marcin Kubeczko4
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076384
Abstract Background: Germline breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) variants guide breast cancer treatment, but their clinical relevance in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) treated with sacituzumab govitecan (SG) remains unclear. The study aimed to evaluate the association between BRCA status and outcomes in SG-treated mTNBC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 264 patients with mTNBC and known germline BRCA1/2 (gBRCA1/2) status who received SG between August 2021 and May 2025 across multiple oncology centers in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Survival outcomes were compared between patients with gBRCA1/2 mutations (gBRCA1/2m) and those with gBRCA1/2 wild-type (gBRCA1/2wt) using Kaplan–Meier estimates, the log-rank… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Boqi Zhou1,2,3, Liping Shen2,3, Xiaojie Lu1,2,3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079463
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: The Neural Niche in the Tumor Microenvironment: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapeutic Targeting)
Abstract Objectives: Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptors are involved in tumor progression, and baclofen exerts broad-spectrum antitumor effects in various cancers. Nevertheless, its specific function and underlying molecular mechanisms in glioma are still largely unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of baclofen on glioma cells and elucidate the associated signaling pathways. Methods: The antitumor effects of baclofen were evaluated in glioma cell lines, and its underlying molecular mechanisms were explored using transcriptome sequencing integrated with Western blotting. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of baclofen was further verified in animal models. Results: In vitro functional assays revealed that… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Meerim Park1, Seungman Park2, Ensel Oh3, Jongmun Choi4, Mi Mi Kwon1, Seog-Yun Park5, Jun Ah Lee1, Hyeon Jin Park1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079120
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology: From Bench to Bedside)
Abstract Objectives: Germline variants in cancer predisposition genes have been increasingly recognized in pediatric cancers. However, their spectrum in East Asian children with central nervous system (CNS) tumors remains insufficiently defined. This study investigated the prevalence and clinical significance of pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) germline mutations in Korean children, adolescents, and young adults (AYAs) with CNS tumors. Methods: We performed targeted next-generation sequencing of 358 cancer-associated genes using peripheral blood DNA from 108 patients. Germline variants were classified according to ACMG/AMP guidelines and curated using ClinVar and relevant literature. Results: Among 108 patients, 17 (15.7%) carried P/LP… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Weixiang Song1,#, Yanbo Zhang2,#, Xubo Shen1, Qin Yu1, Yujin Liu1, Yongchun Yu3, Rui Chen1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078665
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Long noncoding RNAs as Tumorigenic Drivers and Therapeutic Targets)
Abstract Objective: Osimertinib can selectively inhibit both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitizing and T790M gatekeeper mutations, and has shown remarkable therapeutic effects in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. However, almost all patients inevitably develop drug resistance. Herein, we sought to clarify the roles of exosomal lncRNA H19 in modulating osimertinib resistance, focusing on the PI3K-PTEN-Akt signaling axis. Methods: Functional assays, including cell viability assay, colony formation, cell apoptosis and xenograft mouse, employed in evaluate the effects of exosomal lncRNA H19 on cell growth and apoptosis. RNA quantitation and western blot were adopted to demonstrate the regulatory roles of… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Marwa Balaha1, Saad A. Aldosari2, Ahmed A. Alamer2, Nehad Ahmed2, Mohamed F. Balaha2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077965
Abstract Objectives: Tissue-agnostic oncology personalizes treatments based on shared molecular biomarkers, addressing challenges like assay variability, control-arm rigor, and non-proportional hazards. Integrating efficacy, safety, and resistance factors with consistent estimands is essential for evaluating biomarker-matched therapies across histologies. This review aims to quantify and compare their efficacy and safety, and to identify determinants of resistance, using PRISMA-compliant methods. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 38 studies (15,018 participants), employing dual screening, standardized bias assessment, and evaluations of heterogeneity and small-study effects. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were estimated for time-to-event outcomes, and… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Stefano Vecchia1, Rebecca Chinelli1, Arianna Orcesi1, Chiara Citterio2, Alessandra Riva1, Elena Orlandi3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076944
Abstract Objectives: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and mainly affects older adults, who frequently experience polypharmacy. While systemic therapy may improve outcomes in selected older patients, the use of multiple drugs increases the risk of potential drug–drug interactions (pDDIs). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of pDDIs in older patients with PDAC receiving first-line systemic therapy and their potential impact on clinical outcomes. Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study including patients aged ≥ 75 years with PDAC who initiated first-line systemic therapy between December 2011 and January… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kaidi Yin, Lili Deng, Wen Liu*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075185
Abstract Objectives: Although claudin-1 (CLDN1) interacts with Cluster of Differentiation 81 (CD81) in various cell types, the specific mechanism underlying this interaction and its functional implications in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells remain poorly understood. This study outlines the regulatory role of CLDN1 in CRC cell tumorigenicity through its interaction with CD81, elucidating the underlying signaling cascade. Methods: Changes in the expression of CLDN1 and CD81, as well as their correlation with the survival of CRC patients, were analyzed using samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, the Kaplan‒Meier plotter database, and tissue microarrays. CLDN1 and CD81 were… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Maher Kurdi1,*, Amber Hassan2, Bashar Reda3, Anas Nooh3, Mohammed Alsobaie4, Alaa Alkhotani5, Dahlia S. Mirdad6, Majid Almansouri7, Khalid Khashoggi8, Manal Halwani9, Motaz Fadul1, Humaira Waseem10,11, Siti S. Maidin10, Muhammed Imtiaz Farid12
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078833
Abstract Background: Pediatric sarcomas are aggressive malignancies characterized by marked biological heterogeneity and a high risk of relapse. Standard surveillance relies on imaging and invasive biopsies, which may fail to detect early molecular disease. Liquid biopsy using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and microRNAs offers a minimally invasive strategy for longitudinal monitoring. This study aimed to evaluate dynamic changes in ctDNA and circulating microRNAs during treatment and examined their associations with treatment response, disease recurrence, and survival outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 100 pediatric patients with histologically confirmed sarcomas. Serial peripheral blood samples were collected at… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Huimin Zhao1,#, Xiuran Wang2,#, Zhimeng Fan3, Ai Sun4, Changhua Zhang1,*, Chunhui Sun1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078825
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: Emerging Insights into Cancer Progression and Therapeutics)
Abstract Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers represent a significant global health burden, characterized by high incidence, poor prognosis, and limited response to monotherapies. The advent of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) has introduced a novel therapeutic paradigm, enabling dual targeting of tumor-associated antigens and immune effectors to enhance antitumor immunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in bsAb-based immunotherapy across major GI malignancies, including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, biliary tract, esophageal, and liver cancers. We summarize key molecular targets and highlight representative clinical candidates such as CEA-TCB and RG7802. The discussion extends to innovative strategies involving BsAbs in… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dat Quoc Tran1, Mayu Takeda2, Eiji Sugihara2, Tetsuya Tsukamoto2,3, Yasushi Hoshikawa4, Yasuyoshi Mizutani1, Kazuya Shiogama5, Naoya Asai6, Atsuko Niimi1, Makoto Sumitomo2, Hideyuki Saya2, Motoshi Suzuki1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078309
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Targeting Therapy for Anticancer Treatment)
Abstract Objectives: Genetic risk models have substantially advanced our understanding of germline pathogenic variants (GPVs) in some malignancies, whereas their clinical significance in lung cancer remains unclear. The present study aimed to better understand potential contribution of GPVs to lung cancer etiology. Methods: A targeted sequencing panel of 143 cancer-related genes was applied to analyze 26 distinct lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumors from 11 patients histopathologically diagnosed with multiple primary lung cancers (MPLC). Tumor classification was performed through integrated evaluation of mutation profiles, and variants shared among tumor lesions were further validated as likely germline or somatic mutations… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Evangelia Pantazaka1,#, Dimitrios Papakonstantinou1,#, Argyro Roumeliotou1, Dafni Graikioti2, Sotirios Tsakas1, Nefeli Zacharopoulou3, Stuart S. Martin4, Athanasios Kotsakis5, Constantinos M. Athanassopoulos2, Catherine Alix-Panabières6,7,8, Galatea Kallergi1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075600
Abstract Objectives: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) drive metastasis and exhibit resistance to conventional therapies, making them crucial therapeutic targets. Artesunate (AS), a derivative of artemisinin, displays anticancer activity, including inhibition of JunB proto-oncogene (JUNB) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and upregulation of Vimentin (VIM), markers related to poor prognosis in CTCs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of AS on adherent and non-adherent cancer cell lines (breast, lung, colon), the patient-derived colon cancer CTC-MCC-41 line, and CTCs from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Methods: AS’s effect was evaluated using TetherChip technology. Cell viability was measured using… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Ye Ri Han1,*, Sang Bong Lee2,3,4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079556
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Liver Cancer: Novel Therapeutics and Biomarkers for HCC and CCA)
Abstract Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with clinical outcomes limited by biological heterogeneity and inconsistent therapeutic responses. Despite advances in systemic chemotherapy, targeted agents, immunotherapy, and liver-directed interventions, the translation of preclinical efficacy into clinical benefit remains suboptimal, highlighting the need for predictive experimental models. However, therapeutic efficacy in CRLM is highly model-dependent, and discrepancies between preclinical findings and clinical outcomes often arise from differences in biological fidelity across experimental platforms. This review critically examines preclinical platforms used to study CRLM, with emphasis on orthotopic and metastatic models that More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Avetis Tsaturyan1,2, Heghine Hakobyan1, Kristina Hovsepyan1, Anna Mkrtchyan1,2, Tatevik Sargsyan1,2,*, Raffaele Pastore3, Germano Guerra3, Giovanni N. Roviello4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078405
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Overcoming Drug Resistance in Cancer: Strategies and Natural Compound-Based Therapeutics)
Abstract Cancer is regarded as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, despite the progress of traditional therapies. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are often accompanied by significant side effects and the development of drug resistance contributes to making the fight against cancer even more challenging, which clearly highlights the urgent need to develop new therapeutic molecular approaches. In this context, natural peptides were introduced into the pharmaceutical market in the last decade and have replenished the ranks of effective anticancer agents due to their structural diversity, biocompatibility, and ability to selectively target tumor cells. Natural… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wenjian Zeng1, Xianglong Li2, Hao Cai1, Qingyu Zhou2, Shuangshuang Sun2, Pingping Li2, Sunlong Li1, Zhi Chen2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.073934
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cancer Mutations: From Mechanisms to Targeted Therapy)
Abstract Objectives: Cisplatin resistance is a major obstacle in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), severely compromising therapeutic efficacy and patient prognosis. This study aimed to clarify the role and molecular mechanism of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in cisplatin resistance of RCC. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of CDK4 in cisplatin-resistant RCC tissues. In RCC cells and their drug-resistant sublines, CDK4 overexpression/knockdown assays were performed to evaluate the effects on cisplatin resistance and malignant progression. An in vivo model was established, to verify the in vivo function of CDK4. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), Cleavage Under… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Alessandro Polizzi1,#, Gaetano Isola1,#, Monia Cecati2,*, Nicoletta Bonci3, Roberto Campagna2,*, Giovanni Tossetta2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079642
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Innovations in Head and Neck Cancer: Cutting-Edge Treatments and Future Directions)
Abstract Polyphenolic stilbenes are plant-derived compounds that have attracted increasing interest for their potential anticancer properties. Among them, resveratrol is the most extensively investigated molecule. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents a major global health challenge due to its aggressive biological behavior, frequent late diagnosis, and limited improvement in survival outcomes despite advances in treatment. This review aims to summarize current experimental evidence on the anticancer effects of resveratrol in OSCC, also considering structurally related derivatives such as polydatin and pinostilbene hydrate. A structured review of the literature was performed to identify experimental studies investigating the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Zehao Wei1,#, Xuejian Liu2,#, Zheng Zhang1, Yimin Ma2,*, Min Xu1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078793
Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by difficulties in early diagnosis, limited therapeutic options, and generally poor patient prognosis. In recent years, immunotherapy has provided new opportunities for the treatment of pancreatic cancer; however, its clinical efficacy has been substantially constrained by the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune evasion mechanisms. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, AI has demonstrated great potential in the early detection of pancreatic cancer, prediction of immunotherapeutic responses, and design of personalized treatment strategies. This review systematically summarizes the latest advances in the More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaolin Wei1,2, Jing Guo1, Chuntao Tao3, Yong Bao2, Li Yang1,*, Hong Chen1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078651
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Identification of potential targets and biomarkers for cancers and the exploration of novel molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and metastasis)
Abstract Objectives: Uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2) plays a crucial role in the pyrimidine salvage pathway, but its function in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still largely unclear. The study aimed to investigate the expression, prognostic value, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms of UCK2 in LUAD. Methods: Bioinformatic analyses were performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Genotype Tissue Expression (GTEx) datasets. In vitro assays evaluated the effect of UCK2 overexpression on LUAD cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and pathway analyses were utilized to explore the underlying mechanism. Immune landscape and drug sensitivity… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hyungkeun Cha1, Yong Seok Lee2, Gui Young Kwon3, Boran Kim4, Yeonsook Moon5, Lucia Kim6, Hae-Seong Nam1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077514
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy)
Abstract Objective: Studies on the comprehensive utility of complete blood count-derived inflammatory biomarkers (CBC-IBs) as biomarkers in pembrolizumab-treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of a panel of CBC-IBs as potential predictive biomarkers and assess whether integrating the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression could overcome the limitations of PD-L1 as a standalone predictive biomarker. Methods: Our real-world preliminary study was conducted on a cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients who had undergone PD-L1 immunohistochemistry testing at the time of diagnosis, and had… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Daniel Arcuschin de Oliveira1, Melissa Yoshimi Sakamoto Maeda Nisimoto1, Jaciara Moreira Sodré Hunnicutt1, Eduarda Massa Sartori1, Amanda Fáris Marques1, Francisco Macedo Paschoal2, Luciana Cavalheiro Marti1,3, Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis4, Miguel Sabino Neto1, Renato Santos de Oliveira Filho1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077913
Abstract Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is characterized by a low mutational burden, frequent chromosomal rearrangements, and profound epigenetic dysregulation, distinguishing it from ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanoma. Among the epigenetic regulators, Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), plays a central role in chromatin compaction and transcriptional repression through trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). EZH2 overexpression or hyperactivation contributes to tumor progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Recent multi-omic studies have highlighted the importance of EZH2 in regulating melanoma plasticity, immune modulation, and metabolic reprogramming. In… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Maria Franza, Aurora Melfi, Filippo Acconcia, Alessandra di Masi*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076509
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Rewiring Metabolism for Cancer Treatment: Emerging Approaches)
Abstract Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), a key regulator of cell cycle checkpoints, plays a central role in the DNA damage response network, serving as a critical mediator that links DNA damage detection to DNA repair mechanisms. In recent years, several other cellular functions of CHK1 have gradually been discovered. As well as monitoring genomic integrity, CHK1 coordinates the timing of DNA replication with the availability of metabolic resources. This prevents unscheduled DNA synthesis from exceeding the cell’s metabolic capacity and causing DNA damage. CHK1 activity also contributes to tumour immune surveillance and the modulation of immune… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yi-Sian Huang1,2, Chung-Yung Ma1,2, Hsiao-Yuh Roan3, Cheng-Hsiung Chiang4, Hsiao-Hui Tsou4, Chen-Hui Chen3, Yi-Fan Lin2, Horng-Dar Wang2, Chiou-Hwa Yuh1,5,6,7,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.074145
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI-Guided Phenotypic Response Surfaces for Precision Oncology: From Model Systems to Clinical Dosing)
Abstract Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) develops under lipid-rich stress and inflammatory remodeling, which can alter therapeutic windows. We aimed to determine whether phenotypic response surface–guided optimization (PRS-OPT) can nominate hepatocyte-sparing propolis–metformin–regorafenib (PMR) dose windows that retain antitumor activity under MASLD-like fatty-acid (FA) stress and translate to an in vivo immune endpoint. Methods: PMR combinations were profiled in hepatoma cell lines (PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2) and non-malignant hepatocytes (THLE-2) under FA-free and FA-enriched conditions. Quadratic response surfaces were fitted and used for constrained dose nomination, followed by in vitro validation. Cell-death contributions were… More >
Open Access
CASE REPORT
Teng Zhu1,#, Siwen Zang2,#, Bo Chen1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.067876
Abstract Background: Orbital metastases are rare in breast cancer, representing only 3–10% of ocular metastases. This report highlights a case where orbital involvement was the first indicator of systemic metastatic spread. Case Presentation: A 72-year-old woman with a history of Estrogen Receptor (ER)-positive (5%), Progesterone Receptor (PR)-negative, Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer (diagnosed 3 years prior) presented with right orbital pain, diplopia, and periorbital swelling. Imaging revealed multiple myositis of the extraocular muscles, compressive displacement of the optic nerve, and right periorbital edema. Bone scintigraphy identified multifocal skeletal metastases. A navigation-assisted biopsy confirmed metastatic invasive More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Pei-Yu Kao1, Jie-Hong Chen2, Kuo-Hu Chen1,3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078219
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Drug Targets and Combination Strategies in Gynecologic Cancers)
Abstract Cervical cancer remains a major global health challenge despite advances in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, screening, and treatment. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV16 and HPV18, is a necessary cause of cervical cancer; however, only a small fraction of infections progress to malignancy, indicating the importance of additional cofactors. Increasing evidence identifies estrogen signaling as a critical modifier of HPV-driven carcinogenesis. Estrogen acts synergistically with HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 to promote genomic instability, immune evasion, and tumor progression, largely through effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review aims to clarify and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Fang-Ying Chiu1,2,3,*, Yun Yen2,4,5,6
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077076
Abstract Objective: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and is characterized by significant intratumoral heterogeneity. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and genomic landscapes of GBM across diverse ethnic populations to identify potential prognostic markers. Methods: Leveraging The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) and bioinformatics modeling, White, African, and Asian American cohorts were analyzed. Patients were stratified according to the 2021 WHO classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Population-specific genomic drivers and phenotypic markers were evaluated for their impact on outcomes. Survival rates across age, sex, and ethnicity were estimated using the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Shadi Zerehpoosh1, Yasuhito Tanaka2, Said A. Al-Busafi3,4, Gulnara Aghayeva5, Samir Rouabhia6, Qiuwei Pan7, Mohammed Eslam1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076937
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancements in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment)
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a critical global health challenge, standing as a leading cause of cancer mortality with a significant and projected increasing incidence worldwide. A primary hurdle in HCC management is late diagnosis, often attributable to the absence of early symptoms. Despite considerable advancements in therapeutic strategies over the past decade, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, mortality rates remain high, underscoring the urgent need for more effective novel approaches. The inherent molecular complexity and heterogeneity of HCC, where only a minority of tumors possess readily targetable drivers, contribute to treatment resistance and More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Kirill V. Chernov1,#, Artemii M. Savin1,#, Daria E. Otvodnikova1, Oleg A. Kuchur1,2, Sergey A. Tsymbal1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077445
Abstract The formation of drug resistance poses the ultimate threat in modern oncology. Targeted therapy lacks versatility, while conventional therapy is famous for its side effects. However, for the new therapeutics to address the challenge of drug resistance, such compounds should combine properties of both modalities. In this review, we argue that metal-based therapeutics are paramount substances for achieving this goal. The unique physico-chemical properties and metabolism of these compounds, as well as metals themselves, allow to realize unique activities in normal and cancer cells, including precise targeting, non-apoptotic cell death, and disruption of critical signaling More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Elena Matei1,*, Ionuț Ciprian Iorga2,3, Mariana Deacu2,4, Georgeta Camelia Cozaru1,4, Gabriela Isabela Băltățescu1,4,#, Manuela Enciu2,4,#
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.072421
Abstract Objectives: Deregulated plasticity is involved in initiation, progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy of various cancers. Our study aimed to present new checkpoints involved in complex biological processes that sustain epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) variability and heterogeneity in prostate tumor cell plasticity. Methods: Dysregulated cell signaling pathways involved in prostate EMT heterogeneity were analyzed by intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as cell cycle phases by propidium iodide (PI) stain, apoptosis by caspase-3/7 biochemical cascade DEVDase enzyme activity by Magic Red stain (DEVD-MR)/propidium iodide stain, autophagy and nuclear shrinkage by Hoechst/acridine orange stain, evasion of immune surveillance by… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Guoliang Zhong1, Tianqing Yang1, Shuqi Lin1, Muyi Zhong1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076300
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Biomarkers and Treatment Strategies in Solid Tumor Diagnosis, Progression, and Prognosis (Ⅱ))
Abstract Hormone Receptor-positive/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2−) breast cancer treatment has made a breakthrough due to the introduction of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors. This article mainly reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and current application status of CDK4/6 inhibitors, including Palbociclib, Ribociclib, Abemaciclib, and the emerging Dalpiciclib. The advantages and limitations of different treatment stages are also discussed. CDK4/6 inhibitors have excellent efficacy in prolonging progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and have become a key option for HR+/HER2− breast cancer first-line and adjuvant treatment. The issues of drug More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mariana Lopes1,#, Carlos Vila Nova2,3,#, Rui Caetano Oliveira3,4, Fernando Schmitt5, Fernando Mendes1,6,7,8,9,*, Diana Martins1,6,7,8
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.074215
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Targeted and Precision Medicine in Breast Oncology)
Abstract Objectives: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 15% of all invasive breast cancers and is characterized by aggressive behavior, limited therapeutic options, and poor clinical outcomes. Due to the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 expression, systemic treatment relies predominantly on chemotherapy, which is associated with high rates of early recurrence and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the microbiome can contribute to TNBC progression and influence therapeutic response, particularly affecting the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy through immune-mediated mechanisms; however, its role in TNBC remains incompletely understood. This systematic review aims to explore… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Ji Hoon Jang, Joo-Young Kim, Tae-Jin Lee*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.073660
Abstract Molecular glue degraders (MGDs) are an emerging class of small molecules that promote selective protein degradation by inducing neomorphic interactions between E3 ubiquitin ligases and non-native substrates, referred to as neosubstrates. Clinically validated examples include thalidomide analogs that recruit cereblon (CRBN) to degrade IKAROS family zinc finger 1/3 in multiple myeloma, and arylsulfonamide-based MGDs that promote the degradation of RNA-binding protein 39 in acute myeloid leukemia and solid tumors. These molecules highlight the therapeutic potential of this modality in oncology. These findings underscore the promise of MGDs for eliminating oncogenic proteins previously considered undruggable and… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Cristina Díaz del Arco1,2,*, Luis Ortega Medina1,2, Patricia Barreiro Sanabria2, Andrés Sánchez Pernaute3, Lourdes Estrada Muñoz4, Elena Molina Roldán5, María Jesús Fernández Aceñero1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075609
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Gastroenteropancreatic Tumors: From Basic Research to Therapeutic Approach)
Abstract Background: Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) has become a clinically relevant therapeutic target in gastric adenocarcinoma (GC), with zolbetuximab now approved for use in CLDN18.2-positive, HER2-negative advanced disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, intratumoral reproducibility, and clinicopathologic associations of CLDN18.2 expression in a Western cohort of resected GC. Methods: CLDN18.2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 204 resected GCs arranged in tissue microarrays containing duplicate tumor cores corresponding to the tumor center and invasive front. Correlations between paired cores, clinicopathologic parameters, additional biomarkers (E-cadherin, HER2, p53, mismatch repair (MMR)), and clinical outcomes were… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wen-Hsin Hsu1,2,#, Kai-Fu Chang3,4,#, Chih-Hsuan Chang3,4, Hui-Ru Lin5,6, Chi-Jen Wu5,7, Ching-Chung Ko8,9,10, Cheng-Chun Wu11, Yu-Cheng Ho11, Chih-Chun Lin12, Chien-Han Yuan3,5,13,14, Sachin Kumar15,16, Dahlak Daniel Solomon15, Fitria Sari Wulandari15, Juan Lorell Ngadio17, Do Thi Minh Xuan18, Chung-Bao Hsieh19, Chung-Chieh Chiao20, Ngoc Uyen Nhi Nguyen21,22, Chih-Yang Wang15,20, Yung-Kuo Lee3,4,5,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.070445
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Tumor Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Targeted Therapy)
Abstract Background: Glycosylation and inflammation are pivotal in tumor progression, yet the specific glycosyltransferases bridging these processes remain poorly defined. This study investigated Exostosin-1 (EXT1), a key enzyme in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis, as a mechanistic bridge connecting inflammation, stromal remodeling, and immune evasion-driven cancers. Methods: We used a multi-omics approach including Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pan-cancer cohorts, transcriptomics, survival, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), DNA methylation profiling, pathway enrichment analysis (MetaCore), molecular docking, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissue microarrays. Results:… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Sebastian A. Wohlfeil1,2,3,*, Jochen S. Utikal1,2,3
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078650
Abstract Over the past decade, the therapeutic paradigm of cutaneous melanoma has been transformed strongly, driven by advances in immuno-oncology and precision medicine. Building on the success of immune checkpoint blockade and targeted therapy, new treatment strategies now aim to improve efficacy, overcome resistance, and prolong the durability of responses. Clinical trials on neoadjuvant therapy supporting its clinical use are presented. Furthermore, the latest progress in combinatorial immune checkpoint inhibition such as dual anti-LAG-3 or anti-TIGIT with anti-PD-1 blockade, next-generation bispecific antibody development, mRNA-based vaccines in clinical practice, and intralesional therapies are summarized. Additionally, it outlines More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yiyang Zhao1, Changchang Sun1, Qihan Dong2, Jiangyang He1, Yan Wang1,3,*, Ling Bi1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076499
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Insights in Drug Resistance of Cancer Therapy: A New Wine in an Old Bottle)
Abstract Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an emerging biophysical principle that governs subcellular organization through the formation of dynamic, membraneless biomolecular condensates. This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms by which dysregulated LLPS drives cancer drug resistance and to explore therapeutic strategies targeting oncogenic biomolecular condensates for improved anticancer outcomes. We synthesize evidence demonstrating that dysregulated LLPS drives cancer drug resistance through diverse mechanisms, including sustaining oncogenic transcription despite targeted therapies, creating physical barriers against chemotherapeutics, modulating immune checkpoint activity, enhancing DNA damage repair, promoting cancer stemness and radioresistance. By integrating insights from cell cycle More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Thanh Hoa Vo1,2, Edel McNeela1,2, Orla O’Donnovan1,2, Jai Prakash Mehta3, Van Hoa Nguyen4, Sweta Rani1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075346
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Targeted and Precision Medicine in Breast Oncology)
Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of drug resistance in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, a subtype in which both intrinsic and acquired resistance to HER2-targeted therapies remain major clinical challenges. Although mechanistic studies have begun to reveal how lncRNAs modulate signaling pathways, interact with microRNAs, and influence the tumor microenvironment, dedicated investigations in HER2-positive disease are still limited. This review synthesizes current evidence across epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms of resistance, including competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, RNA-binding protein interactions, and exosome-mediated intercellular communication. Particular emphasis is… More >
Login
Register
Submit a Paper
Propose a Special lssue