Open Access
REVIEW
Immacolata Belviso1, Filomena Mazzeo2, Maria Letizia Motti3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.086172
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Exploring Cancer Biology through the Tumor Microenvironment and Advanced Experimental Model)
Abstract Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer characterized by marked cellular heterogeneity and complex, dynamic interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment, which comprises fibroblasts, immune and endothelial cells, and the extracellular matrix. These interactions critically influence tumor progression, invasion, immune evasion, and the frequent emergence of resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, underscoring the need for preclinical models that faithfully reproduce the complexity of human melanoma. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture systems, although still widely used, fail to recapitulate the structural architecture, cellular heterogeneity, and dynamic biochemical and mechanical cues of the tumor microenvironment, which limits their… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Li-Hsien Wu1, Ming-Der Huang1, Che-Hsin Lee1,2,3,4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.086268
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Discovery of a Potent Antitumor Agent: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential)
Abstract Cancer remains a major global health and socioeconomic burden. Although advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy have substantially improved clinical outcomes, conventional treatment strategies still face major limitations, particularly for tumors with hypoxia, metastasis, recurrence, immune suppression, and drug resistance. Attenuated or engineered Salmonella strains have emerged as promising biological agents because of their preferential tumor accumulation in preclinical models, immunostimulatory activity, and genetic tractability. This review aims to summarize the multifaceted mechanisms by which Salmonella reshapes the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promotes antitumor responses, and to evaluate the major challenges to clinical… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Michal Kielbik1,*, Izabela Szulc-Kielbik1, Patrycja Przygodzka1, Marek Nowak2,3, Jacek Wilczyński4, Magdalena Klink1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.085844
Abstract Objectives: Late diagnosis and the development of chemoresistance with metastatic potential are major limitations of effective treatment and long-term survival in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. This study aimed to systematically compare the isoform-specific roles of SNAIL 1 and SNAIL 2 in the chemoresistance–invasiveness axis of ovarian cancer. Methods: We generated a cisplatin-resistant A2780CTP subline through stepwise cisplatin selection and used siRNA-mediated knockdown to evaluate the functional contribution of SNAIL 1 and SNAIL 2 in the resistant A2780CTP and inherently aggressive SK-OV-3 cell lines. These findings were extended by the analysis of clinically relevant models using… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Zhewei Zhang1,2, Jie Wu1,2, Kit Ying Chan1,2, Tat San Lau1,2,*, Chi Chiu Wang1,2,3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.085305
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: Emerging Insights into Cancer Progression and Therapeutics)
Abstract Drug resistance in ovarian cancer, particularly platinum and immunotherapy resistance, is not a uniform tumor property but arises from spatially discrete microenvironmental niches. Conventional bulk and single-cell sequencing approaches cannot resolve this spatial organization, obscuring the regional heterogeneity that governs therapeutic vulnerability. Spatial multi-omics technologies, including spatial transcriptomics, multiplexed spatial proteomics, and mass spectrometry imaging-based metabolomics, now enable direct interrogation of these resistance niches within intact tissue architecture. This review aims to synthesize how spatial multi-omics redefines the mechanistic understanding of platinum and immunotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer and to propose a framework of spatially… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Bianca Maria Messina1, Alessandro Polizzi1,2, Elena Jovanova1, Angela Angjelova1, Francesco Leonforte3, Gaetano Isola1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083280
Abstract Objectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a major global health burden with substantial morbidity, recurrence, and limited improvement in long-term survival. This systematic review aimed to synthesize mechanistic and translational evidence linking Porphyromonas gingivalis to OSCC development, progression, therapeutic resistance, and clinical relevance. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR framework. Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of relevant articles using terms related to OSCC, oral cancer, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), oncogenic signaling, immune modulation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, therapy resistance, and tumor progression. Findings were synthesized qualitatively.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Laura Ordas1, Malick Bio Idrissou2, Dan Cappabianca1, Ohyun Kwon2, Bryan Bednarz2,3, Reinier Hernandez2,3, Quaovi H. Sodji1,3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083013
Abstract Objectives: Adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapy is a promising “off-the-shelf” approach for advanced solid malignancies. NK-92 cells can be expanded at scale and have broad antitumor activity but require irradiation to prevent in vivo proliferation. Standard 10 Gy γ-irradiation halts NK-92 cell proliferation but rapidly reduces cytotoxicity, thereby limiting therapeutic benefit. This study evaluated whether low-dose β-particle irradiation delivered by Lutetium-177 (177Lu) suppresses NK-92 cell proliferation while preserving cytotoxicity and explored its combination with radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT). Methods: NK-92 cells were exposed to low doses of radiation delivered by 177Lu and compared with equivalent doses administered… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Davide Frumento1,*, Ștefan Țălu2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082542
Abstract Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by enabling the immune system to target malignant cells. However, many patients show limited responses due to tumour heterogeneity, immune evasion, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. To address these challenges, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy. Among nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and fullerenes, have gained attention because of their unique physicochemical properties, such as high surface area, structural versatility, and ease of functionalization. These materials can modulate immune responses by influencing antigen presentation, cytokine production, and immune cell activation, while More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yu-Ting Kang1,#, Tzu-Hung Hsiao1,2,3,#, Yidong Chen4,5, I-Tien Chiang1, Li-Wen Lee1, Nam Nhut Phan4, Wei-Yu Chen6,7, Puay Hoon Tan8, Kang-Yu Chang9, Wan-Ching Chen9, Chih-Jung Chen9,10,11,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081243
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Precision Oncology: Targeted Therapies and Tumor Microenvironment)
Abstract Background: Breast mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (BMCA) is an ultra-rare primary breast carcinoma classified within the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) molecular category. BMCA poses a significant diagnostic challenge because of its morphologic overlap with invasive mucinous carcinoma of the breast and metastatic mucinous carcinomas from the ovary and pancreas. This study aimed to characterize epithelial transcriptional states and identify molecular features with potential diagnostic utility. Methods: High-resolution spatial transcriptomic profiling was performed on three primary BMCA cases using the 10× Genomics Visium HD platform, with a TNBC specimen included as a transcriptomic reference. IHC analysis was performed using… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bruno F. Santos1,2,3,4, Ana-Teresa Maia4,5, Inês Grenho1,2,4, André Besouro-Duarte5, Juan M. Sepúlveda-Sánchez6, Bibiana I. Ferreira1,2,4,*, Wolfgang Link7,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083560
Abstract Background: High-grade gliomas remain therapeutically challenging and are associated with poor survival outcomes. Current biomarkers inadequately stratify patients for therapy selection and fail to support early detection of disease progression. The FOXO transcription factors and Tribbles pseudokinases are key regulators of the PI3K/AKT pathway and have been implicated in cancer progression, however, their prognostic value in gliomas remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether transcriptional profiles of FOXO and Tribbles family members predict survival in glioma patients. Methods: Using RNA-seq data from TCGA and CGGA, along with microarray datasets REMBRANDT and Gravendeel, we analyzed the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Hamid Tanzadehpanah1,2, Amir Hossein Esfandiari1,3, Seyed Sajjad Alavi Kakhki1,3, Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian4, Hossein Shahdadi Sardou5,6, Zahra Mobarezi1,3, Piao Yang7, Zahra Meshkat1,3, Arastoo Vojdani1,3, Fatemeh Forouzanfar8, Khatere Mokhtari9, Hamed Manoochehri10, Hamed Afkhami11, Mahdieh Ameri Shahreza11, Sharafaldin Al-Musawi12, Mohsen Sheykhhasan11,*, Hanie Mahaki13,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075665
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy)
Abstract Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a multifunctional cytokine with dual roles in tumor immunology, promoting both antitumor immunity and, in certain contexts, tumor progression. GM-CSF is vital for the differentiation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells, macrophages, and granulocytes—key players in initiating and sustaining immune responses against tumors. It enhances antigen presentation, stimulates T-cell activation, and serves as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines to strengthen antitumor immunity. However, the effects of GM-CSF within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are complex and context dependent. It can facilitate tumor growth by recruiting immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), polarizing… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Stefania Kokkali1,2,*, Panagiotis Sarantis3, Nikolaos Tsakirakis4, Ioanna A. Anastasiou5, Panoraia Keratsa1, Niki Arnogiannaki6, Anastasios Kyriazoglou7, Christina Vourlakou8, Sophia Simopoulou6, Michail Karamouzis9, Ourania Tsitsilonis4, Stamatios Theocharis2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082480
Abstract Objectives: The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is still under investigation. The present study aimed to explore the activity of atezolizumab in combination with different chemotherapeutic drugs in leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and liposarcoma (LPS) cell lines. Methods: The immune cell composition in tumors and the peripheral blood from STS patients who received ICIs was analyzed. LMS HTB-88 cells and LPS HTB-92 cells were co-cultured with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) to establish 3D cell cultures. Cell viability was assessed with the methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess the frequency… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Aleksandra Łomża-Łaba1, Magdalena Knetki-Wróblewska2, Michał Gil3,*, Paweł Krawczyk4, Kinga Winiarczyk2, Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk1, Izabela Chmielewska1, Tomasz Jankowski1, Michał Szczyrek1, Robert Kieszko1, Natalia Galant4, Anna Grenda4, Natalia Krzyżanowska1, Janusz Milanowski1, Maciej Krzakowski2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084434
Abstract Background: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by an aggressive clinical course and the early development of distant metastases. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors to platinum-based chemotherapy has significantly improved survival outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two immunochemotherapy regimens with durvalumab and atezolizumab in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) and different clinical characteristics. Methods: This retrospective study included 201 patients diagnosed with ES-SCLC, who received first-line treatment with either durvalumab (n = 104) or atezolizumab (n = 97) in combination with chemotherapy. Overall response… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Molli Alice1, Buonvicino Daniela1, Mattei Gianluca1,2, Bonacchi Leonardo1, Scuffi Irene1, Calcagno Sara3, Isoldi Giulia3, Schiavone Nicola3, De Logu Francesco1, Magi Alberto4, Lulli Matteo3,#, Parenti Astrid1,#, Lapucci Andrea1,#,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084313
Abstract Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, largely due to the emergence of resistance to standard chemotherapeutic regimens. The identification of molecular determinants of chemoresistance is therefore critical to improve patient stratification and therapeutic efficacy. Here, we investigate the functional role of Pinin (PNN), a multifunctional protein involved in RNA processing and gene regulation, in mediating chemoresistance in CRC. Methods: SW620 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells were used to investigate the functional role of PNN. Pnn expression was silenced by siRNA and lentiviral shRNA approaches. Cell sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin was… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kristina Vukovic Derfi1, Marko Tarle2,3, Koraljka Hat2,3, Tea Vasiljevic1, Danko Müller4,5, Ivica Luksic2,5, Tanja Matijevic Glavan1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083630
Abstract Objectives: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) comprising approximately 90% of cases, is a highly aggressive cancer characterized by frequent recurrence, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis, all largely attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The UFMylation pathway, a recently described post-translational modification, has been implicated in the regulation of cancer cell survival, proliferation, and stemness; however, its clinical significance in HNSCC remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to examine the correlation between dysregulated UFMylation components and both the clinical presentation and CSC-related phenotypes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Marco De Martino1, Viviana Franco2,3, Simona Pellecchia4, Antonino Iaccarino5, Marialuisa Alessandra Vecchione1, Laura Marrone1, Paolo Chieffi3, Lorenzo Spirito6, Alfredo Fusco1, Pierlorenzo Pallante1,2, Francesco Esposito1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081574
Abstract Background: With limited treatment options and suboptimal clinical outcomes, gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains a major global health burden. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) are frequently upregulated in several human cancers and are associated with key oncogenic processes, including tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and relationship of EZH2 and HMGA1 in gastric cancer and to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of their individual or combined pharmacological inhibition. Methods: TCGA datasets, tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, and gastric cancer cell lines were used to assess HMGA1… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Chi-Hsuan Wei1, Pei-Yu Lin1, Chia-Wei Weng1,2, Meng-Fang Tsai3, Jeremy J. W. Chen1,4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081088
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Pharmacological Bases of Anticancer Drug Therapies in Precision Oncology)
Abstract Objectives: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, largely due to late diagnosis, frequent metastasis, and acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src promotes tumour progression, highlighting them as potential therapeutic targets. This study aims to investigate novel strategies to overcome tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance and improve NSCLC treatment outcomes. Methods: In this study, harringtonine and cresatin were identified using a previously established pharmacophore model and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based screening approach, respectively. NSCLC cell lines harbouring different EGFR genotypes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
William C. Cho1,*, Yingyu Wang2, Qianqian Yao2, Tam Berntsen2, George Yeung2, Paul Tang2, Tobias Wittkop2, Li Weng2, Lui Ng3,*, Dominic C. C. Foo3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080218
Abstract Background: The early detection of molecular residual disease (MRD) is critical for predicting recurrence and guiding management in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to evaluate the performance of tumor-informed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis in monitoring MRD after curative-intent surgery. Methods: In this cohort study of 28 resected CRC patients, tumor-informed variants were identified from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or fresh-frozen (FF) tissues using whole-genome sequencing. Post-operative plasma ctDNA was analyzed with the next-generation sequencing-based AccuScan platform at landmark (2–6 weeks) and longitudinal time points. Results: ctDNA-based MRD detection achieved 100% specificity (95% CI: 78.2–100%) and positive predictive… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Samuel Trujano-Camacho1, Verónica García-Castillo1, Sergio Juárez-Méndez2, Héctor Herrera-Orozco1, Eduardo López-Urrutia1, Nadia Jacobo-Herrera3, Eduardo Pérez-Arteaga1, German Calderillo-Ruiz4, David Cantú-de León5, Mauricio Rodríguez-Dorantes6, Jossimar Coronel-Hernández5,*, Carlos Pérez-Plasencia1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.073826
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: The Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets and Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis)
Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent cancer in women and the third most frequent in men. Current therapeutic approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, often exhibit limited specificity and are associated with substantial adverse effects, compromising patient outcomes. Consequently, the medical community constantly pursues more efficient and precisely targeted therapeutic strategies. The aim of the study is to describe the effects of the TT on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its role in cell proliferation and migration in an azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) mice model and colorectal cancer-derived cell lines. Methods:… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Nunzia Porro1, Silvia Marri2, Francesca Salani2, Fabio Marra1, Laura Gragnani2,*, Alessandra Gentilini1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083633
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) develop within a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by chronic inflammation, extensive stromal remodeling, and impaired antitumor immunity. Among stromal components, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as key regulators of tumor progression and immune homeostasis. This review provides an overview of CAF-mediated immune remodeling in primary liver cancers, with particular emphasis on CAF heterogeneity, CAF–immune cell interactions, and their impact on disease progression and therapeutic response. Increasing evidence indicates that CAFs orchestrate multiple aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment through the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors,… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Annisa Nurul Ilmi1, Rudy Agung Nugroho1, Sendy Junedi2, Hiroki Goto3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083351
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Targeting Therapy for Anticancer Treatment)
Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by dysregulated transcription factors (TFs) that disrupt hematopoietic differentiation, promote leukemic self-renewal, and confer therapy resistance. Key TFs including C/EBPα, PU.1, RUNX1, GATA2, EVI1, PML-RARα fusion protein, p53, c-Myc and ERG are altered through mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic remodeling, rewiring transcriptional circuits that converge on oncogenic pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT3. Although TFs were historically considered “undruggable” due to their flat protein–protein interaction interfaces and lack of enzymatic pockets, recent advances have increasingly demonstrated their clinical tractability. The menin inhibitors revumenib and ziftomenib, which disrupt the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yisun Jeong1,2,#, Sun Moon Yang3,#, Sun Young Yoon1,2, Ji Young You3, Eun-Shin Lee3, Harim Oh4, Jongmin Sim4, Seung Pil Jung3,*, Sangmin Kim1,2,*, Jeong Eon Lee1,2,5,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075988
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Biomarkers and Treatment Strategies in Solid Tumor Diagnosis, Progression, and Prognosis (Ⅱ))
Abstract Objectives: Kinesin family member 11 (KIF11), also known as Eg5, is a kinesin motor protein that plays a critical role in mitotic spindle organization and cell division. Although KIF11 has been implicated in promoting cell proliferation and invasive behavior across various cancer types, its regulatory mechanisms in breast cancer remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying KIF11 regulation and evaluated the therapeutic potential of its selective inhibitor, ispinesib, in breast cancer models. Methods: Prognostic correlations were investigated using clinical cohorts and publicly available datasets. Gene Ex-pression Omnibus (GEO) data were analyzed to… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Fares Jamal1, Abdullah Alsulaiman2, Oudai Sahwan3, Seyi Abidoye2, Wallace Klein Schwengber1, Mohamad Bassam Sonbol2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.087064
Abstract Advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA) have undergone a major therapeutic shift from empiric chemotherapy toward biomarker-driven precision oncology. Routine incorporation of immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and liquid biopsy have enabled identification of actionable subgroups that now guide first-line and subsequent treatment selection. Four biomarkers have established clinical utility in current practice: mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification or overexpression, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2). MSI-H/dMMR represents the strongest predictor of durable benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition across treatment lines.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Vincenzo Rallo1,#, Matteo Massidda1,#, Xiaofen Wen2,3, Manila Deiana1, Andrea Maschio1, Jiaxin Shen2,4, Maria Chiara Ninniri5, Daniela Piras6, Ciriaco Carru2, Donatella Coradduzza2, Maria Rosaria Muroni5, Paolo Cossu-Rocca5, Antonio Mario Scanu5, Andrea Angius1,*, Maria Rosaria De Miglio5
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077466
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Innovations in Colorectal Cancer Research and Treatment)
Abstract Backgrounds: Colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis remains difficult due to molecular heterogeneity and interaction between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment. This study aimed to identify transcriptomic and immune-cell patterns associated with overall survival (OS) and to develop an integrated prognostic model to improve risk stratification. Methods: RNA-sequencing was performed on 131 primary CRC samples and matched normal tissues. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and functionally characterized through gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Immune-cell composition was estimated using CIBERSORTx deconvolution and evaluated for its association… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Farzana Siddique1, Mohamed Shehata2, Mohammed Ghazal3, Guruprasad Giridharan1, Sohail Contractor4, Ayman El-Baz1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081398
Abstract Objectives: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and treatment response varies substantially across patients. Conventional genomic biomarkers such as EGFR, PD-L1, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) are widely used in precision oncology but have important limitations. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and compare conventional genomic biomarkers and artificial intelligence (AI)-based genomic models for predicting treatment response in lung cancer. Methods: This review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were searched for studies published between January 1, 2014, and March 15, 2026. Original studies evaluating… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Evgeniya S. Grigoryeva1,*, Anna Y. Kalinchuk1, Irina K. Fedorova2, Vladislav O. Tskhai2, Denis E. Kulbakin2, Liubov A. Tashireva1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076831
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Discover Biomarkers for Personalized Oncology)
Abstract Objective: Surgery is known to significantly influence both the quantity and functional characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream. Our cohort study aimed to characterize the landscape of CTCs and circulating hybrid cells (CHCs) in patients with head and neck cancer in peri-operative period. Methods: 26 patients were recruited and CTC and CHC counts were evaluated using four epithelial markers (EpCAM with differential localization of expression—membrane and intracellular, cytokeratin 7/8, and pan-cytokeratin) by flow cytometry. Expression of EpCAM and pan-cytokeratin in tumor tissue slides was assessed by multiplex immunofluorescence analysis. Results: The study revealed that… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Diana-Maria Pușcașu1,2, Lavinia Caba1,*, Bogdan Gafton2,3, Irina Nucă1,4, Andrei Cristian Grădinaru5, Grigorios Kyriakou6, Laura Ioana Leon6, Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083818
Abstract Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy worldwide, ranking second in terms of cancer-related mortality. While exposure to modifiable risk factors, variations in screening efficacy, and inaccessibility to early-stage diagnosis contrast, an increased focus has been directed toward the study of its genetic profiles; particularly those attributed to germline pathogenic variants. This narrative review aims to present the major hereditary cancer syndromes associated with an increased breast cancer risk, and to highlight the evidence-based genotype-specific screening and treatment protocols. We examined current published literature and synthesized evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies and current… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Samuel Park1,*, Julia Reitkopp1, Rahul Patel1, Justin Sigmund1, Rishi Kumar Nanda1, Kyaw Zin Thein1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083274
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Therapeutics)
Abstract Recent advancements in oncology have led to the development of histology-agnostic therapies that target genetic alterations regardless of the tumor’s tissue of origin. We focus on key approved therapies, including pembrolizumab, dostarlimab, larotrectinib, entrectinib, dabrafenib plus trametinib, selpercatinib, pralsetinib, and trastuzumab deruxtecan. A detailed analysis of pivotal trial data was conducted to elucidate the specific enrollment, efficacy, and outcomes for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) within these broader basket trials. The review further explores challenges unique to these histologies, such as the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Aleksandra Litkowska1,*, Anna Grenda2,*, Paweł Krawczyk2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082451
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Immunotherapy in Early-Stage and Locally Advanced Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer)
Abstract Objectives: Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may represent a period during which interactions between emerging tumor cells and the immune system influence subsequent disease progression. This systematic review aimed to summarize current evidence on immune dynamics, tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, immune evasion mechanisms, and the potential implications of these processes for early therapeutic intervention. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 1998 and 2026. Original articles, reviews, experimental studies, and clinical trials published in English were included if they addressed tumor immunology, the TME,… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Attilio Della Torre1,#,*, Andrea Filardo1,#, Isabella Coscarella1, Jessica Bria1, Anna Di Vito2, Emanuela Chiarella1, Adele Giovinazzo1, Emanuela Procopio1, Mariateresa Egiziano1, Riccardo Cassano1, Domenico La Torre3, Angelo Lavano1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084511
Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a highly dismal prognosis and significant clinical challenges. Currently, assessing treatment success and monitoring tumor response relies heavily on neuroimaging. However, treatment modalities can temporarily alter imaging properties, leading to phenomena such as pseudoprogression, which confounds accurate disease evaluation. Furthermore, traditional tissue biopsies carry non-negligible neurological risks and are highly impractical for the longitudinal monitoring required to appreciate clonal evolution, identify acquired therapeutic resistance, or distinguish true recurrence. Consequently, there is an urgent clinical need for reliable, non-invasive diagnostic strategies. microRNAs (miRNAs),… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mateusz Kciuk1,2,*, Julia Gałęziewska2,3, Weronika Kruczkowska2,3, Katarzyna Wanke1,4, Damian Kołat1,2, Beata Marciniak1, Renata Kontek1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083197
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer)
Abstract DNA is continuously challenged by endogenous and exogenous insults, generating lesions that threaten genomic stability. Normal stem cells preserve genome integrity through highly coordinated DNA damage response (DDR) networks involving efficient base excision repair (BER), homologous recombination (HR), cell-cycle checkpoints, and TP53-mediated quality control. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare tumor subpopulation responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse, and therapeutic resistance, exploit these protective mechanisms while acquiring distinct DNA repair adaptations. This review examines how stemness-associated signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin, interact with DDR programs to promote CSC survival under genotoxic stress. CSCs… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yuta Yamamoto1,2, Hiroshi Ureshino1,2,*, Shinya Kimura1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084740
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Targeting Therapy for Anticancer Treatment)
Abstract DNA methylation plays a critical role in gene regulation and is frequently dysregulated in hematological malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. DNA demethylating agents have therefore emerged as important therapeutic options. However, conventional DNA demethylating agents require parenteral administration, which limits their long-term use and patient convenience. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of recent advances in the development of orally available DNA demethylating agents and discuss their therapeutic applications in hematological malignancies. Orally available DNA demethylating agents, such as CC-486 (oral azacitidine) and ASTX727 (a fixed-dose combination of More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Kannan Sridharan1, Ondrej Fiala2,3,4, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan5, Mimma Rizzo6, Matteo Santoni4,7,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081879
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer)
Abstract The emergence of resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors poses a significant obstacle in treating cancers characterized by BReast CAncer gene (BRCA) mutations or homologous recombination deficiency. Despite the substantial clinical benefits brought by drugs such as olaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib, a substantial proportion of tumors ultimately develop resistance. The underlying mechanisms are diverse and include the reconstitution of homologous recombination via secondary BRCA reversion mutations, stabilization of replication forks, enhanced drug efflux mediated by p-glycoproteins, and structural or functional alterations in PARP1 itself. A thorough grasp of these resistance pathways is critical for the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Lila A. Marshall*, Natalie L. Ayoub, Jill Tseng, Alex A. Francoeur
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080161
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies)
Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is most commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage and is known to recur frequently. Recurrent EOC can be difficult to treat, with limited effective options for systemic therapy. Platinum-resistant and -refractory recurrences are particularly difficult to treat, with even fewer therapeutic options than for platinum-sensitive recurrences. Less common histologic subtypes are also challenging, often with poor responses to typical systemic therapies and limited clinical trial data. With successes in the use of immunotherapy (IO) in other types of solid tumors, IO has been investigated extensively in EOC. However, the incorporation of… More >
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REVIEW
Mateusz Kciuk1,2,*, Gabriela Machura3,4, Katarzyna Wanke1,5, Piotr Gromek2,6, Beata Marciniak1, Renata Kontek1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082180
Abstract Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a central regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR), coordinating DNA double-strand break signaling, checkpoint activation, and maintenance of genome stability. Although traditionally regarded as a tumor suppressor, accumulating evidence indicates that many established cancers become functionally dependent on residual ATM signaling to tolerate oncogene-driven replication stress, genomic instability, oxidative stress, and defective checkpoint control. This context-dependent reliance reflects a form of non-oncogene addiction in which ATM signaling is selectively retained to sustain tumor cell survival, particularly in TP53-deficient and highly replication-stressed malignancies. Beyond canonical DDR functions, ATM also contributes to tumor… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Corina Ionela Tamas1,2, Flaviu Tamas1,2,*, Alina Roxana Cehan3, Adrian Balasa1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079467
Abstract Hexokinases, particularly hexokinase 2, play a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of glioblastoma and other malignant glial tumors by promoting aerobic glycolysis and sustaining the Warburg phenotype. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the molecular regulation, biological significance, and therapeutic implications of hexokinase isoenzymes in glial tumor metabolism. Recent studies consistently demonstrate that hexokinase 2 overexpression is associated with enhanced tumor proliferation, invasiveness, angiogenesis, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and poor prognosis, especially in glioblastoma and high-grade gliomas. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B More >
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