Open Access
ARTICLE
Bruno F. Santos1,2,3,4, Ana-Teresa Maia4,5, Inês Grenho1,2,4, André Besouro-Duarte5, Juan M. Sepúlveda-Sánchez6, Bibiana I. Ferreira1,2,4,*, Wolfgang Link7,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083560
Abstract Background: High-grade gliomas remain therapeutically challenging and are associated with poor survival outcomes. Current biomarkers inadequately stratify patients for therapy selection and fail to support early detection of disease progression. The FOXO transcription factors and Tribbles pseudokinases are key regulators of the PI3K/AKT pathway and have been implicated in cancer progression, however, their prognostic value in gliomas remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether transcriptional profiles of FOXO and Tribbles family members predict survival in glioma patients. Methods: Using RNA-seq data from TCGA and CGGA, along with microarray datasets REMBRANDT and Gravendeel, we analyzed the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Hamid Tanzadehpanah1,2, Amir Hossein Esfandiari1,3, Seyed Sajjad Alavi Kakhki1,3, Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian4, Hossein Shahdadi Sardou5,6, Zahra Mobarezi1,3, Piao Yang7, Zahra Meshkat1,3, Arastoo Vojdani1,3, Fatemeh Forouzanfar8, Khatere Mokhtari9, Hamed Manoochehri10, Hamed Afkhami11, Mahdieh Ameri Shahreza11, Sharafaldin Al-Musawi12, Mohsen Sheykhhasan11,*, Hanie Mahaki13,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075665
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy)
Abstract Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a multifunctional cytokine with dual roles in tumor immunology, promoting both antitumor immunity and, in certain contexts, tumor progression. GM-CSF is vital for the differentiation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells, macrophages, and granulocytes—key players in initiating and sustaining immune responses against tumors. It enhances antigen presentation, stimulates T-cell activation, and serves as an adjuvant in cancer vaccines to strengthen antitumor immunity. However, the effects of GM-CSF within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are complex and context dependent. It can facilitate tumor growth by recruiting immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), polarizing… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Aiyu Ma1,2,#, Xu Wang1,2,#, Lu Lu1, Shuaijie Wang3, Qiuyu Zhao1, Xuemei Zhang3, Yiping Sun1, Xuan Meng1, Yan Zhang1, Yuzhong Yang1, Jinhua Zheng1,2, Xiang Zheng1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084662
Abstract Objectives: YTH N6-Methyladenosine RNA Binding Protein F2 (YTHDF2) had been implicated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) progression. Increasing evidence indicated that numerous circular RNAs (circRNAs) were involved in regulating tumor progression. However, how the regulation of circRNAs by YTHDF2 contributes to NPC progression remains to be uncovered. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role and mechanism of YTHDF2-mediated circRNA regulation in NPC migration and invasion. Methods: YTHDF2 expression in NPC was assessed using GEO datasets and immunohistochemistry. Functional experiments were performed in HNE1 and 5-8F cells, with migration/invasion evaluated by wound healing and transwell assays,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Stefania Kokkali1,2,*, Panagiotis Sarantis3, Nikolaos Tsakirakis4, Ioanna A. Anastasiou5, Panoraia Keratsa1, Niki Arnogiannaki6, Anastasios Kyriazoglou7, Christina Vourlakou8, Sophia Simopoulou6, Michail Karamouzis9, Ourania Tsitsilonis4, Stamatios Theocharis2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082480
Abstract Objectives: The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in soft tissue sarcomas (STS) is still under investigation. The present study aimed to explore the activity of atezolizumab in combination with different chemotherapeutic drugs in leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and liposarcoma (LPS) cell lines. Methods: The immune cell composition in tumors and the peripheral blood from STS patients who received ICIs was analyzed. LMS HTB-88 cells and LPS HTB-92 cells were co-cultured with Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) to establish 3D cell cultures. Cell viability was assessed with the methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess the frequency… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Aleksandra Łomża-Łaba1, Magdalena Knetki-Wróblewska2, Michał Gil3,*, Paweł Krawczyk4, Kinga Winiarczyk2, Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk1, Izabela Chmielewska1, Tomasz Jankowski1, Michał Szczyrek1, Robert Kieszko1, Natalia Galant4, Anna Grenda4, Natalia Krzyżanowska1, Janusz Milanowski1, Maciej Krzakowski2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084434
Abstract Background: Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterised by an aggressive clinical course and the early development of distant metastases. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors to platinum-based chemotherapy has significantly improved survival outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two immunochemotherapy regimens with durvalumab and atezolizumab in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) and different clinical characteristics. Methods: This retrospective study included 201 patients diagnosed with ES-SCLC, who received first-line treatment with either durvalumab (n = 104) or atezolizumab (n = 97) in combination with chemotherapy. Overall response… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Molli Alice1, Buonvicino Daniela1, Mattei Gianluca1,2, Bonacchi Leonardo1, Scuffi Irene1, Calcagno Sara3, Isoldi Giulia3, Schiavone Nicola3, De Logu Francesco1, Magi Alberto4, Lulli Matteo3,#, Parenti Astrid1,#, Lapucci Andrea1,#,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084313
Abstract Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, largely due to the emergence of resistance to standard chemotherapeutic regimens. The identification of molecular determinants of chemoresistance is therefore critical to improve patient stratification and therapeutic efficacy. Here, we investigate the functional role of Pinin (PNN), a multifunctional protein involved in RNA processing and gene regulation, in mediating chemoresistance in CRC. Methods: SW620 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells were used to investigate the functional role of PNN. Pnn expression was silenced by siRNA and lentiviral shRNA approaches. Cell sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin was… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kristina Vukovic Derfi1, Marko Tarle2,3, Koraljka Hat2,3, Tea Vasiljevic1, Danko Müller4,5, Ivica Luksic2,5, Tanja Matijevic Glavan1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083630
Abstract Objectives: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) comprising approximately 90% of cases, is a highly aggressive cancer characterized by frequent recurrence, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis, all largely attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The UFMylation pathway, a recently described post-translational modification, has been implicated in the regulation of cancer cell survival, proliferation, and stemness; however, its clinical significance in HNSCC remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to examine the correlation between dysregulated UFMylation components and both the clinical presentation and CSC-related phenotypes… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Chunming Wang*, Xu Wang, Yubo Liu, Jia Xu, Pingfa Li
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.085395
Abstract Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a major cause of cancer-related mortality among women, and early diagnosis remains critical for improving survival outcomes. Conventional tissue biopsy and imaging techniques are constrained by invasiveness and limited sensitivity in early-stage disease, whereas routine serum tumor markers lack sufficient specificity for reliable early detection. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have increasingly been recognized as promising non-invasive biomarkers, owing to their remarkable stability and detectability in plasma. Here, we summarize the current landscape of plasma circRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and chemoresistance-related biomarkers in BC, emphasizing their clinical relevance in therapy selection,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Marco De Martino1, Viviana Franco2,3, Simona Pellecchia4, Antonino Iaccarino5, Marialuisa Alessandra Vecchione1, Laura Marrone1, Paolo Chieffi3, Lorenzo Spirito6, Alfredo Fusco1, Pierlorenzo Pallante1,2, Francesco Esposito1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081574
Abstract Background: With limited treatment options and suboptimal clinical outcomes, gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains a major global health burden. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) are frequently upregulated in several human cancers and are associated with key oncogenic processes, including tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and relationship of EZH2 and HMGA1 in gastric cancer and to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of their individual or combined pharmacological inhibition. Methods: TCGA datasets, tissue microarray immunohistochemistry, and gastric cancer cell lines were used to assess HMGA1… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Shangjian Li1, Qipeng Han2, Xinying Sun3, Rongrong Yu1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080228
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Oncology: Unearthing and Validating Novel Therapeutic Targets)
Abstract Objective: Renal cell carcinoma is a common malignancy of the urinary system. In this study, we analyzed a public clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) dataset and identified Nephrosis 2, idiopathic, steroid-resistant (NPHS2) as a candidate gene to investigate whether epigenetic dysregulation of NPHS2 is associated with tumor microenvironment remodeling. Methods: Differential expression analysis was first performed on GSE68417 using GEO2R. In addition, clinical samples and cell-based assays were used to evaluate changes in NPHS2 expression and promoter methylation following 5′-Aza-CdR treatment. Subsequently, 786-O and A498 cells were obtained, and sunitinib-resistant 786-O/R and A498/R sublines were… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Chi-Hsuan Wei1, Pei-Yu Lin1, Chia-Wei Weng1,2, Meng-Fang Tsai3, Jeremy J. W. Chen1,4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081088
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Pharmacological Bases of Anticancer Drug Therapies in Precision Oncology)
Abstract Objectives: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, largely due to late diagnosis, frequent metastasis, and acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Src promotes tumour progression, highlighting them as potential therapeutic targets. This study aims to investigate novel strategies to overcome tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance and improve NSCLC treatment outcomes. Methods: In this study, harringtonine and cresatin were identified using a previously established pharmacophore model and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based screening approach, respectively. NSCLC cell lines harbouring different EGFR genotypes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhen Li1,2, Xinya Yu1, Boning Wu3, Jialin Zhang1, Xinyu Ju1, Yajun Wang1, Jieli Song1, Qiao Liu4, Peng Huang4,5,*, Qi Ding6,*, Yupeng Wu1,7,8,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084987
Abstract Background: Fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) modulates the expression of key lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) in colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Methods: Bioinformatics analyses were performed to evaluate FSCN1 expression and its prognostic value in CRC. Intracellular lipid levels following FSCN1 knockdown were assessed by Nile Red/DAPI co-staining and triglyceride quantification, and further validated by Oil Red O staining of xenograft tumors. Expression levels of key metabolic enzymes were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. RNA sequencing identified FSCN1-associated pathways, which were functionally investigated using pharmacological inhibitors. Results: FSCN1… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jiang-Nan Xia#, Shan-Dong Zhu#, Wei-Ling Qu, Yi-Lin Hu, Wen-Yi Ma, Wenyan Wang, Qian-Lan Huang, Bing-Yuan Lin, Jia-En Guo, Ying-Wei Li*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084576
Abstract Objectives: As an aggressive subtype of breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is constrained by the limited availability of effective treatments and the absence of well-validated therapeutic targets. This study aimed to explore whether honokiol, a potent YAP/TAZ inhibitor, suppresses stem cell–like properties and enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy in TNBC by blocking YAP/TAZ–TEAD transcriptional complex. Methods: Through both in vitro and in vivo models of TNBC, the current study examined how honokiol influences cell proliferation, cancer stem cell (CSC) traits, and paclitaxel sensitivity. To uncover the molecular mechanisms, we analyzed the transcript levels and protein abundance of core YAP/TAZ–TEAD… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Xiya Cheng1,#, Yunshu Ma2,#, Jinglu Yan3, Yizhe Zhang2, Riguge Su4, Xiaoming Tao5,*, Jing Zhao2,*, Peizhun Du6,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083832
Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Accurate early detection, timely diagnostic stratification, and robust prognostic risk assessment are essential for optimizing clinical outcomes and improving survival duration. However, conventional serological biomarkers demonstrate limited diagnostic performance owing to suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, while standard chemotherapy and targeted therapies provide only modest survival benefits in GC. Marked inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity further characterizes GC as a biologically complex and treatment-resistant malignancy. To date, significant progress has been made in comprehensively delineating the complex molecular pathogenesis of GC, providing a strong rationale for More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qingqing Liu1,2,#, Lei Li3,4,#, Kumar Ganesan1,2, Yang Jiang5, Kewu Zeng6, Yue Sui1,2, Xinyuan Guan2,7, Rongfang He3,*, Jianping Chen1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082536
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cancer Metastasis)
Abstract Objectives: Sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) participates in endocytic trafficking and has been connected to several malignancies, but its involvement in breast cancer (BC) remains incompletely resolved. This work was designed to examine whether SNX9 supports BC progression and investigate signaling and cytoskeletal processes associated with its activity. Methods: The clinical relevance of SNX9 was assessed using bioinformatics analysis of publicly available cancer databases. Lentiviral vectors were used to establish BC cell models with stable SNX9 overexpression or knockdown. Both cellular (proliferation and motility) and murine (tumor growth and metastatic colonization) experiments were implemented to functionally characterize… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhiyi Min1,2, Chunbin Wang3, Tongjin Yin4, Wanyan Jiao4, Dandan Zhou3, Xuyao Zhang2,*, Junli Cui5,*, Zhe Ding1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084396
Abstract Objectives: MET inhibitors have demonstrated clinical efficacy in several MET-driven malignancies; however, their therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the antitumor activity of the selective MET inhibitor savolitinib in MET-high pancreatic cancer and to investigate the role of autophagy in the cellular response to MET inhibition. Methods: MET-high pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) were treated with savolitinib. Cell viability, apoptosis, transcriptomic profiling, and signaling pathway analyses were performed to characterize its antitumor effects and underlying mechanisms. Autophagy induction was assessed using monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, transmission electron microscopy,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
William C. Cho1,*, Yingyu Wang2, Qianqian Yao2, Tam Berntsen2, George Yeung2, Paul Tang2, Tobias Wittkop2, Li Weng2, Lui Ng3,*, Dominic C. C. Foo3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080218
Abstract Background: The early detection of molecular residual disease (MRD) is critical for predicting recurrence and guiding management in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to evaluate the performance of tumor-informed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis in monitoring MRD after curative-intent surgery. Methods: In this cohort study of 28 resected CRC patients, tumor-informed variants were identified from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or fresh-frozen (FF) tissues using whole-genome sequencing. Post-operative plasma ctDNA was analyzed with the next-generation sequencing-based AccuScan platform at landmark (2–6 weeks) and longitudinal time points. Results: ctDNA-based MRD detection achieved 100% specificity (95% CI: 78.2–100%) and positive predictive… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Samuel Trujano-Camacho1, Verónica García-Castillo1, Sergio Juárez-Méndez2, Héctor Herrera-Orozco1, Eduardo López-Urrutia1, Nadia Jacobo-Herrera3, Eduardo Pérez-Arteaga1, German Calderillo-Ruiz4, David Cantú-de León5, Mauricio Rodríguez-Dorantes6, Jossimar Coronel-Hernández5,*, Carlos Pérez-Plasencia1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.073826
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: The Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets and Elucidation of Molecular Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis)
Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most frequent cancer in women and the third most frequent in men. Current therapeutic approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, often exhibit limited specificity and are associated with substantial adverse effects, compromising patient outcomes. Consequently, the medical community constantly pursues more efficient and precisely targeted therapeutic strategies. The aim of the study is to describe the effects of the TT on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its role in cell proliferation and migration in an azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) mice model and colorectal cancer-derived cell lines. Methods:… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Zhenyang Ye1, Jinyang Luo1, Ying Zhang1, Longhua Lu1, Min Lei1, Shi Deng2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.087565
Abstract Programmed cell death regulates the tumor immune microenvironment. A comprehensive synthesis of how multiple programmed cell death pathways collectively orchestrate the remodeling of the urological immune landscape is currently lacking. This review summarizes and discusses how diverse programmed cell death modes, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, PANoptosis, necroptosis and cuproptosis, regulate immune evasion or activation in a context-dependent manner. Current preclinical evidence suggests that necroptosis, pyroptosis, and cuproptosis may enhance anti-tumor immunity by facilitating the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and increasing the infiltration of functional CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, thereby potentially improving responses to… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Nunzia Porro1, Silvia Marri2, Francesca Salani2, Fabio Marra1, Laura Gragnani2,*, Alessandra Gentilini1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083633
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) develop within a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by chronic inflammation, extensive stromal remodeling, and impaired antitumor immunity. Among stromal components, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have emerged as key regulators of tumor progression and immune homeostasis. This review provides an overview of CAF-mediated immune remodeling in primary liver cancers, with particular emphasis on CAF heterogeneity, CAF–immune cell interactions, and their impact on disease progression and therapeutic response. Increasing evidence indicates that CAFs orchestrate multiple aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment through the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors,… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Annisa Nurul Ilmi1, Rudy Agung Nugroho1, Sendy Junedi2, Hiroki Goto3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083351
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Targeting Therapy for Anticancer Treatment)
Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by dysregulated transcription factors (TFs) that disrupt hematopoietic differentiation, promote leukemic self-renewal, and confer therapy resistance. Key TFs including C/EBPα, PU.1, RUNX1, GATA2, EVI1, PML-RARα fusion protein, p53, c-Myc and ERG are altered through mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic remodeling, rewiring transcriptional circuits that converge on oncogenic pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT3. Although TFs were historically considered “undruggable” due to their flat protein–protein interaction interfaces and lack of enzymatic pockets, recent advances have increasingly demonstrated their clinical tractability. The menin inhibitors revumenib and ziftomenib, which disrupt the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Li Li1,#, Jianhua Wang1,#, Feilong Zhou2, Lingjun Geng1,*, Kongwang Hu1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080204
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Metabolic Heterogeneity in Cancer: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Implications)
Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with limited treatment options for advanced-stage patients. DNA polymerase theta (POLQ) is overexpressed in various cancers, but its role and underlying mechanisms in CRC remain not fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the expression, prognostic value, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms of POLQ in CRC. Methods: POLQ expression was analyzed using public databases and 55 paired clinical samples. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown and overexpression were employed to assess CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Single-cell transcriptomics and CellChat analysis were used to explore the tumor… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yisun Jeong1,2,#, Sun Moon Yang3,#, Sun Young Yoon1,2, Ji Young You3, Eun-Shin Lee3, Harim Oh4, Jongmin Sim4, Seung Pil Jung3,*, Sangmin Kim1,2,*, Jeong Eon Lee1,2,5,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075988
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Biomarkers and Treatment Strategies in Solid Tumor Diagnosis, Progression, and Prognosis (Ⅱ))
Abstract Objectives: Kinesin family member 11 (KIF11), also known as Eg5, is a kinesin motor protein that plays a critical role in mitotic spindle organization and cell division. Although KIF11 has been implicated in promoting cell proliferation and invasive behavior across various cancer types, its regulatory mechanisms in breast cancer remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying KIF11 regulation and evaluated the therapeutic potential of its selective inhibitor, ispinesib, in breast cancer models. Methods: Prognostic correlations were investigated using clinical cohorts and publicly available datasets. Gene Ex-pression Omnibus (GEO) data were analyzed to… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Fares Jamal1, Abdullah Alsulaiman2, Oudai Sahwan3, Seyi Abidoye2, Wallace Klein Schwengber1, Mohamad Bassam Sonbol2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.087064
Abstract Advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GEA) have undergone a major therapeutic shift from empiric chemotherapy toward biomarker-driven precision oncology. Routine incorporation of immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and liquid biopsy have enabled identification of actionable subgroups that now guide first-line and subsequent treatment selection. Four biomarkers have established clinical utility in current practice: mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification or overexpression, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2). MSI-H/dMMR represents the strongest predictor of durable benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition across treatment lines.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Vincenzo Rallo1,#, Matteo Massidda1,#, Xiaofen Wen2,3, Manila Deiana1, Andrea Maschio1, Jiaxin Shen2,4, Maria Chiara Ninniri5, Daniela Piras6, Ciriaco Carru2, Donatella Coradduzza2, Maria Rosaria Muroni5, Paolo Cossu-Rocca5, Antonio Mario Scanu5, Andrea Angius1,*, Maria Rosaria De Miglio5
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077466
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Innovations in Colorectal Cancer Research and Treatment)
Abstract Backgrounds: Colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis remains difficult due to molecular heterogeneity and interaction between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment. This study aimed to identify transcriptomic and immune-cell patterns associated with overall survival (OS) and to develop an integrated prognostic model to improve risk stratification. Methods: RNA-sequencing was performed on 131 primary CRC samples and matched normal tissues. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and functionally characterized through gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Immune-cell composition was estimated using CIBERSORTx deconvolution and evaluated for its association… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Ziyou Bai1,2,#, Xiaoyan Song3,#, Jiayin Sun1,2,#, Wen Xiao1,2,*, Xiangui Meng1,2,*, Wei Dong1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.086230
Abstract Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent malignancy characterized by a high recurrence rate and the necessity for long-term surveillance demands, creating a need for accurate yet practical tools for early detection and monitoring. While current standards including cystoscopy, urinary cytology, and imaging remain indispensable, their clinical utility is constrained by invasiveness, suboptimal sensitivity for selected lesions or low-grade lesions, inter-observer variability, and cumulative costs. Currently, biomarker research has expanded from single protein assays to multi-analyte strategies encompassing DNA, RNA, proteins, extracellular vesicle-associated cargo, and metabolomics signatures. This review synthesizes recent advances in diagnostic, surveillance, prognostic, More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiangui Liu1,#, Jianhua Liu2,#, Qingbin Meng1,*, Yongsheng Shao1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082954
Abstract Objectives: There is debate over the effect of sevoflurane (SEV) on different cancers. This study aims to explore SEV’s role in colon cancer (CC) progression. Methods: The CC cell lines were treated with SEV at concentrations of 1.7%, 3.4%, and 5.1%. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, scratch assay, and Transwell assay. A xenograft tumor model was established to evaluate the effect of SEV in vivo. Expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), p62 (sequestosome-1), microtubule-associated protein… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yawan Zi1,#, Huilin Yu1,#, Xiaohui Wang1, Yuezhou Zhang1, Shengxin Fan1, Jiukang Li2, Jian Wang3, Ke Liao1,*, Hong Chen1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082400
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Insights in Drug Resistance of Cancer Therapy: A New Wine in an Old Bottle)
Abstract Background: Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed tyrosine kinase inhibition produces substantial initial benefit in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer, durable disease control is frequently compromised by the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells. We therefore examined whether loss of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) supports the resistant phenotype by altering redox control and the cellular threshold for ferroptotic injury. Methods: The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets GSE172002 and GSE236654 were analyzed to identify resistance-associated pathways. cGAS was depleted in parental cells and restored in resistant derivatives, followed by phenotypic, redox, mitochondrial, and signaling assessments in… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Farzana Siddique1, Mohamed Shehata2, Mohammed Ghazal3, Guruprasad Giridharan1, Sohail Contractor4, Ayman El-Baz1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081398
Abstract Objectives: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and treatment response varies substantially across patients. Conventional genomic biomarkers such as EGFR, PD-L1, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) are widely used in precision oncology but have important limitations. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and compare conventional genomic biomarkers and artificial intelligence (AI)-based genomic models for predicting treatment response in lung cancer. Methods: This review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were searched for studies published between January 1, 2014, and March 15, 2026. Original studies evaluating… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Xiangyang Wang1,#, Ying Wu2,3,#, Yutong Fu3,4, Ejakpovi Emmanuel Oghenefejiro2,3, Zakari Shaibu3, Cunxi Li5, Qi Zhou6, Liang Yin2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.087144
Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) remains a leading cause of global cancer mortality, with progression and therapy resistance heavily influenced by the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, overall survival for advanced disease remains poor, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms. A hallmark of the TME is metabolic reprogramming, which sustains tumor growth and actively shapes an immunosuppressive landscape. This review aims to detail the coordinated metabolic adaptations of GC cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and immune cells within the TME, focusing on nutrient competition, immunosuppressive… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Shaohua Chen1,#, Xiao Gan1,#, Ping Lv1,#, Qinggui Meng1, Xiaocao Lin1,2,*, Qingyun Zhang1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083704
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy: Synergies and Challenges in the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Treatment)
Abstract Background: While radical cystectomy is standard for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), micrometastasis-related recurrence is common. Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) confers modest benefits, while immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) provide new efficacy-enhancing strategies. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of ICIs with chemotherapy (NAC-ICI), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and no neoadjuvant therapy (NNAT). It also explores potential biomarkers predictive of NAT response and evaluates the real-world efficacy of NAC-IC. Method: This single-center retrospective analysis included 80 radical cystectomy patients, with 51 NNAT group and 29 in the NAT group. Survival outcomes were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dimitrios Papakonstantinou1, Vasileios Vardas1, Despoina M. Varouhaki2, Aikaterini Kotzamouratoglou1, Karolina Mangani1, Julia A. Ju3, Catherine Alix-Panabières4,5,6, Stuart S. Martin3, Constantinos M. Athanassopoulos2, Galatea Kallergi1,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.085665
Abstract Objectives: Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a microtubule-disrupting agent with established anti-tumor properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CA-4 on key metastatic traits of cancer cells, including migration, clonogenic potential, cytoskeletal protein expression, and microtentacle (McTN) formation, using multiple cancer cell models, including the colon patient-derived circulating tumor cell line CTC-MCC-41. Methods: H1299 (non-small cell lung cancer), MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer), HT-29 (colorectal cancer), and CTC-MCC-41 (derived from the blood of a colon cancer patient) cells were treated with CA-4 (10 μM) for 24 and 48 h. Colony formation was assessed with a clonogenic… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Evgeniya S. Grigoryeva1,*, Anna Y. Kalinchuk1, Irina K. Fedorova2, Vladislav O. Tskhai2, Denis E. Kulbakin2, Liubov A. Tashireva1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076831
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Discover Biomarkers for Personalized Oncology)
Abstract Objective: Surgery is known to significantly influence both the quantity and functional characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the bloodstream. Our cohort study aimed to characterize the landscape of CTCs and circulating hybrid cells (CHCs) in patients with head and neck cancer in peri-operative period. Methods: 26 patients were recruited and CTC and CHC counts were evaluated using four epithelial markers (EpCAM with differential localization of expression—membrane and intracellular, cytokeratin 7/8, and pan-cytokeratin) by flow cytometry. Expression of EpCAM and pan-cytokeratin in tumor tissue slides was assessed by multiplex immunofluorescence analysis. Results: The study revealed that… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Fiona Tsui-Fen Cheng1,2,#, Kung-Ju Chen3,#, Jing-Quan Zheng3,4,5, Hui-Wen Chiu3,6,7, Hui-Yu Lin2,3,8,*, Yuan-Feng Lin3,9,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081093
Abstract Background: Metastatic dissemination of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to distant organs, such as the lungs and brain, poses a significant threat to patient survival. Nevertheless, the molecular basis driving TNBC metastasis remains largely elusive. In the present study, we elucidated the role and underlying mechanism of OTU deubiquitinase 7B (OTUD7B) in promoting TNBC metastasis. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)/K-M Plotter databases were used for determining the prognostic significance of OTUD7B in TNBC patients. Cell migration and lung colony-forming assays were performed to evaluate the metastatic potential of TNBC cells. A cycloheximide-chase assay was employed to… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Diana-Maria Pușcașu1,2, Lavinia Caba1,*, Bogdan Gafton2,3, Irina Nucă1,4, Andrei Cristian Grădinaru5, Grigorios Kyriakou6, Laura Ioana Leon6, Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083818
Abstract Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy worldwide, ranking second in terms of cancer-related mortality. While exposure to modifiable risk factors, variations in screening efficacy, and inaccessibility to early-stage diagnosis contrast, an increased focus has been directed toward the study of its genetic profiles; particularly those attributed to germline pathogenic variants. This narrative review aims to present the major hereditary cancer syndromes associated with an increased breast cancer risk, and to highlight the evidence-based genotype-specific screening and treatment protocols. We examined current published literature and synthesized evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies and current… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Samuel Park1,*, Julia Reitkopp1, Rahul Patel1, Justin Sigmund1, Rishi Kumar Nanda1, Kyaw Zin Thein1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083274
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Therapeutics)
Abstract Recent advancements in oncology have led to the development of histology-agnostic therapies that target genetic alterations regardless of the tumor’s tissue of origin. We focus on key approved therapies, including pembrolizumab, dostarlimab, larotrectinib, entrectinib, dabrafenib plus trametinib, selpercatinib, pralsetinib, and trastuzumab deruxtecan. A detailed analysis of pivotal trial data was conducted to elucidate the specific enrollment, efficacy, and outcomes for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) within these broader basket trials. The review further explores challenges unique to these histologies, such as the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Aleksandra Litkowska1,*, Anna Grenda2,*, Paweł Krawczyk2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082451
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Immunotherapy in Early-Stage and Locally Advanced Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer)
Abstract Objectives: Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may represent a period during which interactions between emerging tumor cells and the immune system influence subsequent disease progression. This systematic review aimed to summarize current evidence on immune dynamics, tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, immune evasion mechanisms, and the potential implications of these processes for early therapeutic intervention. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published between 1998 and 2026. Original articles, reviews, experimental studies, and clinical trials published in English were included if they addressed tumor immunology, the TME,… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Attilio Della Torre1,#,*, Andrea Filardo1,#, Isabella Coscarella1, Jessica Bria1, Anna Di Vito2, Emanuela Chiarella1, Adele Giovinazzo1, Emanuela Procopio1, Mariateresa Egiziano1, Riccardo Cassano1, Domenico La Torre3, Angelo Lavano1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084511
Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a highly dismal prognosis and significant clinical challenges. Currently, assessing treatment success and monitoring tumor response relies heavily on neuroimaging. However, treatment modalities can temporarily alter imaging properties, leading to phenomena such as pseudoprogression, which confounds accurate disease evaluation. Furthermore, traditional tissue biopsies carry non-negligible neurological risks and are highly impractical for the longitudinal monitoring required to appreciate clonal evolution, identify acquired therapeutic resistance, or distinguish true recurrence. Consequently, there is an urgent clinical need for reliable, non-invasive diagnostic strategies. microRNAs (miRNAs),… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mateusz Kciuk1,2,*, Julia Gałęziewska2,3, Weronika Kruczkowska2,3, Katarzyna Wanke1,4, Damian Kołat1,2, Beata Marciniak1, Renata Kontek1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.083197
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer)
Abstract DNA is continuously challenged by endogenous and exogenous insults, generating lesions that threaten genomic stability. Normal stem cells preserve genome integrity through highly coordinated DNA damage response (DDR) networks involving efficient base excision repair (BER), homologous recombination (HR), cell-cycle checkpoints, and TP53-mediated quality control. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare tumor subpopulation responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse, and therapeutic resistance, exploit these protective mechanisms while acquiring distinct DNA repair adaptations. This review examines how stemness-associated signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt/β-catenin, interact with DDR programs to promote CSC survival under genotoxic stress. CSCs… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yuta Yamamoto1,2, Hiroshi Ureshino1,2,*, Shinya Kimura1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.084740
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Targeting Therapy for Anticancer Treatment)
Abstract DNA methylation plays a critical role in gene regulation and is frequently dysregulated in hematological malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. DNA demethylating agents have therefore emerged as important therapeutic options. However, conventional DNA demethylating agents require parenteral administration, which limits their long-term use and patient convenience. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of recent advances in the development of orally available DNA demethylating agents and discuss their therapeutic applications in hematological malignancies. Orally available DNA demethylating agents, such as CC-486 (oral azacitidine) and ASTX727 (a fixed-dose combination of More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Iseult M. Browne1,2, Monica Esteban Garcia1,2, Alicia F. C. Okines1,2,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082829
Abstract Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is defined by the absence of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression, and carries a disproportionate burden of breast cancer-related mortality due to its aggressive biology and historically limited therapeutic options. The treatment landscape of metastatic TNBC has undergone a fundamental transformation over the past decade, driven by immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and the identification of actionable genomic alterations. This review provides a comprehensive, clinically oriented appraisal of the current and emerging therapeutic landscape of metastatic TNBC, encompassing its molecular underpinnings and tumour microenvironment biology. We critically More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Kannan Sridharan1, Ondrej Fiala2,3,4, Gowri Sivaramakrishnan5, Mimma Rizzo6, Matteo Santoni4,7,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081879
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting DNA Repair in Cancer)
Abstract The emergence of resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors poses a significant obstacle in treating cancers characterized by BReast CAncer gene (BRCA) mutations or homologous recombination deficiency. Despite the substantial clinical benefits brought by drugs such as olaparib, niraparib, and talazoparib, a substantial proportion of tumors ultimately develop resistance. The underlying mechanisms are diverse and include the reconstitution of homologous recombination via secondary BRCA reversion mutations, stabilization of replication forks, enhanced drug efflux mediated by p-glycoproteins, and structural or functional alterations in PARP1 itself. A thorough grasp of these resistance pathways is critical for the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Lila A. Marshall*, Natalie L. Ayoub, Jill Tseng, Alex A. Francoeur
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.080161
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies)
Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is most commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage and is known to recur frequently. Recurrent EOC can be difficult to treat, with limited effective options for systemic therapy. Platinum-resistant and -refractory recurrences are particularly difficult to treat, with even fewer therapeutic options than for platinum-sensitive recurrences. Less common histologic subtypes are also challenging, often with poor responses to typical systemic therapies and limited clinical trial data. With successes in the use of immunotherapy (IO) in other types of solid tumors, IO has been investigated extensively in EOC. However, the incorporation of… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mateusz Kciuk1,2,*, Gabriela Machura3,4, Katarzyna Wanke1,5, Piotr Gromek2,6, Beata Marciniak1, Renata Kontek1
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.082180
Abstract Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a central regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR), coordinating DNA double-strand break signaling, checkpoint activation, and maintenance of genome stability. Although traditionally regarded as a tumor suppressor, accumulating evidence indicates that many established cancers become functionally dependent on residual ATM signaling to tolerate oncogene-driven replication stress, genomic instability, oxidative stress, and defective checkpoint control. This context-dependent reliance reflects a form of non-oncogene addiction in which ATM signaling is selectively retained to sustain tumor cell survival, particularly in TP53-deficient and highly replication-stressed malignancies. Beyond canonical DDR functions, ATM also contributes to tumor… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Corina Ionela Tamas1,2, Flaviu Tamas1,2,*, Alina Roxana Cehan3, Adrian Balasa1,2
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079467
Abstract Hexokinases, particularly hexokinase 2, play a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of glioblastoma and other malignant glial tumors by promoting aerobic glycolysis and sustaining the Warburg phenotype. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the molecular regulation, biological significance, and therapeutic implications of hexokinase isoenzymes in glial tumor metabolism. Recent studies consistently demonstrate that hexokinase 2 overexpression is associated with enhanced tumor proliferation, invasiveness, angiogenesis, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and poor prognosis, especially in glioblastoma and high-grade gliomas. Multiple regulatory mechanisms, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Daniel Thomas Jones1,*, Tajveer Sangha1, Arman Manjikian1, Micheal Ghobrial1, Qasim Shawesh1, Emaan Tiwana1, Emi Hearn1, Arash Latif1, Elaine Tupas1, Aishwarya Hanspal1, Rishi Kumar Nanda2, Ramaditya Srinivasmurthy3, Jason Ta4, Meghana Pandit3, Charles Abraham Joseph Larson5, Kyaw Zin Thein6
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078524
Abstract Backgrounds: Fruquintinib is a selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1/2/3 inhibitor approved for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. As its use expands across gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies and combination regimens, randomized evidence is needed to define the toxicity profile most relevant to clinical monitoring, particularly hypertension, dermatologic toxicity, renal toxicity, bleeding, and thrombotic events. The objective of this study was to synthesize randomized controlled trial evidence to quantify the incidence and relative risk of key toxicities associated with fruquintinib in gastrointestinal malignancies. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception through 1 January 2026… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Antonio David Lázaro-Sánchez1,2,*, Javier David Benítez-Fuentes3, Sofía Wikström-Fernández4, María Nevado-Rodríguez5, Pablo Conesa-Zamora2,6, Ginés Luengo-Gil2,6, Alejandra Ivars-Rubio5, Marta Zafra-Poves5, Edgardo D. Carosella7, Belén Fernández-Molina8, Andrés Nieto-Olivares9, María José Sánchez de las Matas Garre10, Ana Belén Arroyo2,6
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081674
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy)
Abstract Background: Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC; Bellini duct carcinoma) is a rare, aggressive renal cancer with no established standard of care, and evidence for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy in CDC remains emerging and fragmented. We aimed to systematically synthesise efficacy and safety data on immunotherapy in adult patients with CDC. Methods: PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to 29 March 2025, with targeted post-search monitoring of key journals and ClinicalTrials.gov updated on 11 April 2026. Prospective interventional studies, observational cohorts/registries, and case series/reports were eligible. Screening, extraction and risk-of-bias appraisal (Joanna Briggs Institute… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Lorenzo Spirito1, Cristina Quintavalle2, Paola Coppola1, Matteo Esposito3, Francesco Esposito2,3, Gabriella De Vita3, Pierlorenzo Pallante2,3,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078045
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovations in Genitourinary Oncology: Integrating Tumor Immunology and Precision Medicine)
Abstract Because of its limited treatment choices and high recurrence rates, bladder cancer (BCa) presents a significant clinical issue. As a result, current research is concentrated on creating novel approaches for early diagnosis and more specialized treatments. Nanorobots hold significant potential as precise medicine-delivery systems and as in situ diagnostic vectors within this dynamic environment. Personalized treatments are becoming increasingly feasible thanks to new insights into the molecular pathways driving tumor growth, revealed through studies on exosomes and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), however, their true potential lies in integrating these findings. This review analyzes the role of nanorobots,… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Agata Kosmaczewska*, Lidia Ciszak
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081365
Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a biologically heterogeneous B cell malignancy in which non-malignant T lymphocytes constitute a critical component of the tumor microenvironment and significantly influence disease evolution and the therapeutic response. Growing evidence suggests that CLL-associated T cells not only participate in the antitumor response but also activate signals that promote the development of CLL subclones. Although novel targeted therapies, such as Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, BTK degraders, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitors, T cell engagers, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive T cell therapy have different mechanisms of action, they affect the More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Allinson Olaechea1,2, Cristina Camacho Rubio2, Sara Gómez-Melero3,4,*
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079865
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Deciphering Mechanisms of Cancer Therapy Resistance: In Vitro Models to Study Drug Resistance and Radiation-Drug Responses in Cancer and Normal Cells)
Abstract Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) immunophenotyping has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach to characterize systemic immune alterations in cancer and to identify biomarkers associated with treatment response and resistance. However, current evidence remains fragmented and predominantly descriptive, with substantial heterogeneity in study design, immunophenotyping methodologies, and patient populations, limiting the identification of robust and clinically translatable immune signatures. In this review, we aim to comprehensively analyze PBMC immune phenotypes across multiple cancer types, with particular emphasis on their association with disease progression, therapeutic outcomes, and the key methodological and translational challenges that currently limit… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Abbas Hussain1,*, Daniel Thomas Jones2, Rishi Kumar Nanda3, Ramaditya Srinivasmurthy4, Jason Ta5, Yin Mon Myat6, Riccesha Hattin1, Jo-Lawrence Bigcas7, Sisi Tian7, Suparna Shah7, Robert Wang7, Kyaw Zin Thein8
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077918
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Insights in Drug Resistance of Cancer Therapy: A New Wine in an Old Bottle)
Abstract Locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC) remains difficult to treat despite multimodal therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have expanded treatment options, but phase III trials combining ICIs with chemoradiotherapy have demonstrated limited survival benefit due to complex resistance mechanisms. These include immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, impaired DNA damage responses, hypoxia-driven adaptations, metabolic reprogramming, and oncogenic signaling via the HER receptor family. This review outlines key resistance pathways and emerging strategies to overcome them. Nanotechnology-based approaches may enhance drug delivery and modulate the tumor microenvironment, while dual inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mariagrazia Piscione1,*, Barbara Pala2,3,*, Francesco Cribari3, Paola Gualtieri4, Dario Gaudio5, Marco Alfonso Perrone6, Laura Di Renzo4
Oncology Research, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.079215
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Metabolic and Inflammatory Dysregulation as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer)
Abstract Cholesterol metabolism is central to cancer biology, influencing tumour initiation, progression, and therapeutic response, while contributing to the increased cardiovascular risk observed in cancer patients. Epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between circulating cholesterol levels and cancer risk have yielded conflicting results, reflecting substantial biological heterogeneity, tumour-specific metabolic demands, and methodological biases such as reverse causality. At the cellular level, malignant cells exhibit elevated cholesterol uptake and synthesis to sustain membrane biogenesis, lipid raft-dependent oncogenic signalling, and rapid proliferation. Cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives further modulate inflammation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and key signalling pathways. Anticancer therapies… More >
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