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Open Access

ARTICLE

A New Approach for Topology Control in Software Defined Wireless Sensor Networks Using Soft Actor-Critic

Ho Hai Quan1,2, Le Huu Binh1,*, Nguyen Dinh Hoa Cuong3, Le Duc Huy4
1 Faculty of Information Technology, University of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue, Hue, Vietnam
2 Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3 Faculty of Business and Technology, Phu Xuan University, 28 Nguyen Tri Phuong, Hue, Vietnam
4 Faculty of Information Technology, Ha Noi University of Business and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
* Corresponding Author: Le Huu Binh. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI-Driven Next-Generation Networks: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)

Computers, Materials & Continua https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.075549

Received 03 November 2025; Accepted 04 January 2026; Published online 29 January 2026

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a crucial role in numerous Internet of Things (IoT) applications and next-generation communication systems, yet they continue to face challenges in balancing energy efficiency and reliable connectivity. This study proposes SAC-HTC (Soft Actor-Critic-based High-performance Topology Control), a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) method based on the Actor-Critic framework, implemented within a Software Defined Wireless Sensor Network (SDWSN) architecture. In this approach, sensor nodes periodically transmit state information, including coordinates, node degree, transmission power, and neighbor lists, to a centralized controller. The controller acts as the reinforcement learning (RL) agent, with the Actor generating decisions to adjust transmission ranges, while the Critic evaluates action values to reflect the overall network performance. The bidirectional Node-Controller feedback mechanism enables the controller to issue appropriate control commands to each node, ensuring the maintenance of the desired node degree, reducing energy consumption, and preserving network connectivity. The algorithm further incorporates soft entropy adjustment to balance exploration and exploitation, along with an off-policy mechanism for efficient data reuse, making it well-suited to the resource-constrained conditions of WSNs. Simulation results demonstrate that SAC-HTC not only outperforms traditional methods and several existing RL algorithms but also achieves faster convergence, optimized communication range control, global connectivity maintenance, and extended network lifetime. The key novelty of this research lies in the integration of the SAC method with the SDWSN architecture for WSNs topology control, providing an adaptive, efficient, and highly promising mechanism for large-scale, dynamic, and high-performance sensor networks.

Keywords

Soft Actor-Critic; topology control; deep reinforcement learning; WSNs; energy optimization; SDWSN

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