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Open Access

ARTICLE

FSS: Focusing on Suboptimal Samples for Detector-Agnostic Label Assignment in Object Detection

Lijuan Huang1,2, Zhixian Liu3, Xinyu Zhou4, Jinping Liu4,*, Kunyi Zheng4, Yimei Yang2,4,*
1 Hunan Intelligent Rehabilitation Robot and Auxiliary Equipment Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
2 School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence (School of Software), Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
3 School of Business, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
4 College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
* Corresponding Author: Jinping Liu. Email: email; Yimei Yang. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Development and Application of Deep Learning based Object Detection)

Computers, Materials & Continua https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.077655

Received 14 December 2025; Accepted 11 March 2026; Published online 17 April 2026

Abstract

Many occluded and ambiguous ground truths exist in object detection, making detectors unable to obtain optimal training samples. In this article, we revisit the suboptimal sample issue in label assignment for object detection and propose a novel detector-agnostic strategy, termed FSS, to address it. FSS reformulates label assignment as the process of selecting high-quality sub-optimal samples and progressively transforming them into optimal ones. Specifically, for each candidate, we estimate the probability of being an optimal sample by jointly considering localization quality and classification confidence, thereby constructing an instance-wise probability matrix. Based on the spatial distribution of potentially optimal samples, we introduce a Gaussian prior to adaptively determine the number of sub-optimal samples per instance. We then assign weights to these sub-optimal samples according to their optimality probabilities, enforcing consistent ranking between classification and localization and promoting the emergence of truly optimal samples. Extensive experiments on MS-COCO demonstrate the effectiveness and plug-and-play nature of FSS: when integrated into a modern one-stage detector, FSS achieves 50.8 AP under single-model, single-scale testing, without introducing any additional inference overhead.

Keywords

Object detection; label assignment; suboptimal samples selection; Gaussian-prior dynamic-k

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