Submit

Login Login

Register Register

Home / Journals / FDMP / Online First / doi:10.32604/fdmp.2026.076426
Journal Menu
Special Issues
Table of Content

All issues

Online First

2026

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

Open Access

ARTICLE

Enhancement of Gas–Liquid Mixing in Side-Blown Smelting via Sinusoidal Pulsed Swirling Injection

Yi Yang1,2,3, Xiaohui Zhang1,2,3,*, Minghao Xu1,2,3, Yutang Zhao4, Hua Wang1,2,3
1 State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, School of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
2 Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
3 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Energy Storage Technology, School of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
4 The School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
* Corresponding Author: Xiaohui Zhang. Email: email

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2026.076426

Received 20 November 2025; Accepted 06 March 2026; Published online 19 March 2026

Abstract

To overcome the limited mixing efficiency associated with conventional steady-state side blowing in molten pool smelting, this study proposes a gas injection strategy that combines a swirl lance configuration with sinusoidal pulsed blowing. Using a volume-of-fluid (VOF) multiphase flow framework coupled with the Realizable k–ε turbulence model, the performance of constant-velocity blowing is systematically compared with sinusoidal pulsed blowing over a range of amplitudes (5, 10, and 15 m/s) and frequencies (0.5, 1, and 2 Hz). The results demonstrate that sinusoidal pulsed blowing markedly enhances gas–liquid mixing within the melt pool relative to constant-speed injection. Mixing efficiency increases with blowing amplitude, while its dependence on pulse frequency is nonlinear. Within the investigated parameter space, the optimal configuration, an amplitude of 15 m/s and a frequency of 1 Hz, raises the average gas volume fraction by 8%, reduces the mixing dead-zone area by 81%, and expands the active mixing region by 25%. Overall, the imposed sinusoidal pulsing promotes bubble breakup beneath the free surface, leading to more complete bubble collapse, intensified turbulent agitation, and, ultimately, improved gas–liquid mixing.

Graphical Abstract

Enhancement of Gas–Liquid Mixing in Side-Blown Smelting via Sinusoidal Pulsed Swirling Injection

Keywords

Side-blown bath smelting; gas-liquid mixing; sinusoidal pulsation; swirl flow; numerical simulation

  • 26

    View

  • 6

    Download

  • 0

    Like

Related articles
Copyright© 2026 Tech Science Press
© 1997-2026 TSP (Henderson, USA) unless otherwise stated

Share Link