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Open Access

ARTICLE

CFD Investigation of Solid CO2 Formation and Dispersion in High-Pressure Pipeline Leakage Events

Hai Yang1, Chao Yang1, Guoyong Sui1, Wendi Yang1, Zongkai Han1, Dan Guo2,*
1 Technology Inspection Center of Shengli Oilfield, SINOPEC, Dongying, China
2 School of Petroleum Engineering, Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Dongying, China
* Corresponding Author: Dan Guo. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Theoretical Foundations and Applications of Multiphase Flow in Pipeline Engineering)

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2026.082466

Received 16 March 2026; Accepted 30 June 2026; Published online 17 July 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the leakage and dispersion behavior of high-pressure CO2 in long-distance pipelines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with a regional-scale modeling framework. The influence of key operational and environmental parameters, including transport temperature, pressure, pipeline diameter, leak orifice size, and ambient wind speed, is systematically examined, with particular emphasis on their role in governing the spatial extent of solid CO2 formation. The results indicate that the evolution of the leakage flow field is governed by a strong coupling between thermodynamic effects and fluid dynamic processes. Elevated temperatures delay the formation of the Mach disk structure, while higher pressures enhance jet momentum, suppress turbulent mixing, and consequently slow the decay of CO2 concentration. Smaller pipeline and leak diameters promote the development of deep, localized low-temperature cores due to reduced thermal inertia. In contrast, increased wind speeds significantly enhance convective heat and momentum exchange, accelerating both dispersion and warming of the CO2 plume. Overall, the temperature and pressure state of the transported CO2 emerges as the primary internal control on dry ice formation, whereas geometric constraints and atmospheric conditions govern the accumulation and transport of cold energy. The findings highlight critical risk conditions associated with low transport temperatures, high operating pressures, small leak diameters, and low-wind environments, which collectively favor the formation of extended solid CO2 deposition zones.

Keywords

High-pressure CO2 pipeline; leakage dispersion; solid CO2 formation; dry ice; computational fluid dynamics

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