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REVIEW

From Tumor Biology to Clinical Perspectives: Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Insights in Gastric Cancer

Xiya Cheng1,#, Yunshu Ma2,#, Jinglu Yan3, Yizhe Zhang2, Riguge Su4, Xiaoming Tao5,*, Jing Zhao2,*, Peizhun Du6,*
1 Department of Medical Affairs, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
2 Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
3 Department of Digestive Diseases, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
4 Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
5 Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
6 Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
* Corresponding Author: Xiaoming Tao. Email: email; Jing Zhao. Email: email; Peizhun Du. Email: email
# These authors contributed equally to this work

Oncology Research https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2026.083832

Received 11 April 2026; Accepted 04 August 2026; Published online 19 August 2026

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Accurate early detection, timely diagnostic stratification, and robust prognostic risk assessment are essential for optimizing clinical outcomes and improving survival duration. However, conventional serological biomarkers demonstrate limited diagnostic performance owing to suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, while standard chemotherapy and targeted therapies provide only modest survival benefits in GC. Marked inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity further characterizes GC as a biologically complex and treatment-resistant malignancy. To date, significant progress has been made in comprehensively delineating the complex molecular pathogenesis of GC, providing a strong rationale for the development of novel biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets. The aim of this review is to systematically summarize recent advances ranging from aberrant genetic and epigenetic alterations; dysregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways; sophisticated crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment; intricate microbiota-inflammation interactions; fundamental discoveries to potential clinical translation, including novel biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis and prognostic stratification; and emerging therapeutic strategies for GC. Collectively, this work provides a conceptual framework for advancing precision medicine in GC.

Graphical Abstract

From Tumor Biology to Clinical Perspectives: Novel Biomarkers and Therapeutic Insights in Gastric Cancer

Keywords

Gastric cancer; genetic and epigenetic alterations; tumor microenvironment; microbiota-inflammation interactions; novel biomarkers

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