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REVIEW

The Emerging Role of microRNAs in Glioblastoma: From Liquid Biopsy to Nanotechnological Targeted Therapies

Attilio Della Torre1,#,*, Andrea Filardo1,#, Isabella Coscarella1, Jessica Bria1, Anna Di Vito2, Emanuela Chiarella1, Adele Giovinazzo1, Emanuela Procopio1, Mariateresa Egiziano1, Riccardo Cassano1, Domenico La Torre3, Angelo Lavano1
1 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
2 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
3 Neurological Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
* Corresponding Author: Attilio Della Torre. Email: email
# These authors contributed equally to this work

Oncology Research https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2026.084511

Received 23 April 2026; Accepted 10 June 2026; Published online 07 July 2026

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a highly dismal prognosis and significant clinical challenges. Currently, assessing treatment success and monitoring tumor response relies heavily on neuroimaging. However, treatment modalities can temporarily alter imaging properties, leading to phenomena such as pseudoprogression, which confounds accurate disease evaluation. Furthermore, traditional tissue biopsies carry non-negligible neurological risks and are highly impractical for the longitudinal monitoring required to appreciate clonal evolution, identify acquired therapeutic resistance, or distinguish true recurrence. Consequently, there is an urgent clinical need for reliable, non-invasive diagnostic strategies. microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding post-transcriptional regulators, are critical biological modulators in GBM. Dysregulation between oncogenic and tumor suppressor miRNA networks drives tumor pathogenesis, angiogenesis, and, in particular, the maintenance of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), which fuel chemoresistance. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to comprehensively evaluate the dual clinical utility of miRNAs in glioblastoma, examining their role as circulating liquid biopsy biomarkers for diagnosis, longitudinal disease monitoring, and differentiation of pseudoprogression from true recurrence, as well as their therapeutic potential through miRNA-based interventions. Finally, we explore future perspectives by discussing how miRNA-targeted approaches could be synergistically integrated with cutting-edge multimodal therapies, such as CAR-T cells and emerging senolytic agents, to reprogram the immunosuppressive microenvironment and eradicate therapy-resistant GSCs.

Keywords

Glioblastoma; microRNA; liquid biopsy; biomarkers; glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs); targeted therapy; nanoparticles; pseudoprogression

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