Open Access
ARTICLE
Sarina Sulaiman*, Muhammad Faris
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0105
Abstract In this study, Palm kernel shell (PKS) is utilized as a raw material to produce activated biochar as adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater, specifically methylene blue (MB) dye, by utilizing a simplified and cost-effective approach. Production of activated biochar was carried out using both a furnace and a domestic microwave oven without an inert atmosphere. Three samples of palm kernel shell (PKS) based activated biochar labeled as samples A, B and C were carbonized inside the furnace at 800°C for 1 h and then activated using the microwave-heating technique with varying heating times (0,… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Cheng Zhang, Rui Zhang, Yu Shao, Jiabin Wang, Qianyue Yang, Fang Xie, Rongling Yang, Hongzhen Luo*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0157
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Process and Engineering of Lignocellulose Utilization)
Abstract Biomass is a resource whose organic carbon is formed from atmospheric carbon dioxide. It has numerous characteristics such as low carbon emissions, renewability, and environmental friendliness. The efficient utilization of biomass plays a significant role in promoting the development of clean energy, alleviating environmental pressures, and achieving carbon neutrality goals. Among the numerous processing technologies of biomass, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising thermochemical process that can decompose and convert biomass into hydrochar under relatively mild conditions of approximately 180°C–300°C, thereby enabling its efficient resource utilization. In addition, HTC can directly process feedstocks with high… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ksenia Anikeeva*, Ruslan Safin
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0128
Abstract The use of wood-polymer composites (WPC) based on a polymer matrix and wood filler is a modern, environmentally friendly direction in material science. However, untreated wood filler exhibits poor adhesion to hydrophobic polymers due to its hydrophilic lignocellulose fibers. To address this, ozone treatment is employed to enhance compatibility, reduce water absorption, and regulate biodegradation rates. This study investigates the hypothesis that ozone modification of wood filler improves adhesion to thermoplastic starch, thereby enhancing the physico-mechanical properties and controlled biodegradation of WPCs under compost conditions. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on composites containing untreated and… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Victor De Araujo1,2,3,*, Pedro Jardim3,4, Poliana Pessôa3, Juliano Vasconcelos2,5, Matheus Souza6, José Garcia7, Jozef Švajlenka8, André Christoforo3,1
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0127
Abstract Finger-joint lumber is a sustainable building product commercialized as a structural solution for beams, pillars and other thin flat load-bearing elements. This study aims to study finger-joint lumber and its industry to promote this engineered wood product. The first research stage assessed the collection of publications on finger-joint lumber available globally, in which a structured protocol was developed to prospect studies based on two complementary methodologies: PRISMA 2020 using Scopus and Web of Science databases, and Snowball using both forward and backward models to complete with additional literature. The second research stage assessed finger-joint lumber… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Thanattha Chobsilp1, Alongkot Treetong2, Visittapong Yordsri3, Mattana Santasnachok4,5, Pollawat Charoeythornkhajhornchai6, Jaruvit Sukkasem7, Winadda Wongwiriyapan8, Worawut Muangrat1,5,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0111
Abstract Nitrogen-doped activated carbon (N-AC) was successfully prepared by KOH-activation and nitrogen doping using ammonia (NH3) heat treatment. Coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC) was heat-treated under NH3 gas in the temperature range of 700°C–900°C. Likewise, the mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and AC was heated at 800°C, followed by heat treatment under NH3 gas at 800°C (hereafter referred to as KOH-N-AC800). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method were utilized to analyze morphology, crystallinity, chemical bonding, chemical composition and surface area. The surface area and porosity of N-AC increased with increasing… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
H. A. Aisyah1,*, I. Nur Azreena2, E. Hishamuddin1, A.W. Noorshamsiana1, N. M. Nurazzi2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0141
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: From Nature to Function: Natural Fiber Cellulose and Starch-Based Materials for a Sustainable Composites)
Abstract Oil palm fiber is a natural fiber derived from agricultural biomass and has gained significant attention as an alternative reinforcement material in composite materials due to its abundance, renewability, and environmental benefits. This review explores the various enhancement techniques applied to oil palm fiber to improve its properties for composite material development. Key areas of focus include chemical treatments, physical modifications, and hybridization with other fibers to improve fiber-matrix bonding, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. Integration of nanomaterials and bio-based resins to enhance the performance and sustainability of oil palm fiber composites is also discussed. More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Aadarsha Lamichhane1, Arun Kuttoor Vasudevan1, Ethan Dean1, Mostafa Mohammadabadi1,*, Kevin Ragon1, Ardeshir Adeli2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0146
Abstract This study explores a novel method for processing cotton stalks—an abundant agricultural byproduct—into long strips that serve as sustainable raw material for engineered bio-based panels. To evaluate the effect of raw material morphology on panel’s performance, two types of cotton stalk-based panels were developed: one using long strips, maintaining fiber continuity, and the other using ground particles, representing conventional processing. A wood strand-based panel made from commercial southern yellow pine strands served as the control. All panels were bonded using phenol-formaldehyde resin and hot-pressed to a target thickness of 12.7 mm and density of 640 kg/m3.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jingxiang Meng1, Xin Liu1, Wenping Zeng1, Jianjun Song2, Songyi Liao1, Yonggang Min1,2,*, Jintao Huang1,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0098
Abstract Biomass-derived hard carbon has gradually become an important component of sodium-ion batteries’ anodes. In this work, Setaria viridis, a widely distributed plant, was employed as a precursor to synthesize hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, the hard carbon derived from raw precursors contains substantial impurities, which limit the performance of the obtained hard carbon. With different chemical etching processes, the content of impurities in the resultants was reduced to varying degrees. The optimized hard carbon anode delivered a reversible capacity of 198 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.04 A g−1. This work shows the More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Ilze Irbe1,*, Laura Andze1, Inese Filipova1,2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0107
Abstract Growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic materials have led to increased interest in bio-based composites. This study investigates the development and characterization of sustainable egg packaging waste (EPW) biocomposites derived from recycled wood fibers and fungal mycelium filaments as a natural binder. Three formulations were prepared using EPW as the primary substrate, with and without the addition of hemp shives and sawdust as co-substrates. The composites were evaluated for granulometry, density, mechanical strength, hygroscopic behavior, thermal conductivity, and fire performance using cone calorimetry. Biocomposites, composed exclusively of egg packaging waste,… More >
Open Access
Jiazi Wang, Yanxia An*, Jingyuan Su, Keke Liu, Jian Zhang, Yang Zhao, Linlin Li
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0151
Abstract Lignin, the most abundant natural aromatic polymer globally, has garnered considerable interest due to its rich and diverse active functional groups and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and adhesive properties. Recent research has significantly improved the performance of lignin-based hydrogels, suggesting their substantial potential in fields such as biomedicine, environmental science, and agriculture. This paper reviews the process of lignin extraction, systematically introduces synthesis strategies for preparing lignin-based hydrogels, and discusses the current state of research on these hydrogels in biomedical and environmental protection fields. It concludes by identifying the existing challenges in lignin hydrogel research and More >
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Open Access
Raviduth Ramful*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0116
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications – Ⅱ)
Abstract Typically used thermal insulation materials such as foam insulation and fibreglass may pose notable health risks and environmental impacts thereby resulting in respiratory irritation and waste disposal issues, respectively. While these materials are affordable and display good thermal insulation, their unsustainable traits pertaining to an intensive manufacturing process and poor disposability are major concerns. Alternative insulation materials with enhanced sustainable characteristics are therefore being explored, and one type of material which has gained notable attention owing to its low carbon footprint and low thermal conductivity is natural fibre. Among the few review studies conducted on… More >
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Open Access
Awanda Wira Anggini1,2, Rita Kartika Sari1,*, Dede Hermawan1, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana2, Wahyu Hidayat3, Bora Jeong4, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis2,5,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0114
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable and Biosourced Adhesives-2023)
Abstract Recent advancements in developing tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins have unlocked new possibilities for sustainable and eco-friendly wood adhesives. Unlike conventional polyurethane, NIPUs eliminate hazardous isocyanates, offering safer alternatives for industrial applications. Tannin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, plays a pivotal role in enhancing these resins’ fire-resistance and super-hydrophobic properties. This review highlights key developments in synthesizing tannin-based NIPU, focusing on various polymerization techniques such as polyaddition, polycondensation, ring-opening polymerization, and rearrangement. These strategies contribute to improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to water absorption. Recent studies demonstrate that tannin-based NIPU adhesives meet or… More >
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Open Access
REVIEW
Hauwau Kaoje1,2, Adekunle Adeleke2,3,*, Esther Anosike-Francis2,3, Seun Jesuloluwa2,3, Temitayo Ogedengbe2,3, Hauwa Rasheed2, Jude Okolie4
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0109
Abstract The increasing need for sustainable energy and the environmental impacts of reliance on fossil fuels have sparked greater interest in biomass as a renewable energy source. This review provides an in-depth assessment of bio-oil and biochar generation through the pyrolysis of sawdust, a significant variety of lignocellulosic biomass. The paper investigates different thermochemical conversion methods, including fast, slow, catalytic, flash, and co-pyrolysis, while emphasizing their operational parameters, reactor designs, and effects on product yields. The influence of temperature, heating rate, and catalysts on enhancing the quality and quantity of bio-oil and biochar is thoroughly analyzed. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Pingkan Aditiawati1, Kamarisima1, Rudi Dungani1,*, Tirto Prakoso2, Neil Priharto1, Muhammad Iqbal Ar-Razy Suwardi1, Muhammad Rizki Ramdhani1, Maya Fitriyanti1, Dzulianur Mutsla1, Widya Fatriasari3
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0113
Abstract This study aimed to produce and characterize mycelium leather (Mylea) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). Variations in OPEFB composition (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were tested using a 10% w/w Ganoderma lucidum inoculum. The mycelium underwent boiling, plasticization, drying, pressing, waxing, and Tencel fabric reinforcement to form Mylea. The physical, mechanical, and flammability properties of OPEFB-based Mylea were evaluated as a potential animal leather substitute. The highest tensile strength (8.47 MPa) was observed in the 0% OPEFB sample due to reinforcement with the Tencel fabric layer. Meanwhile, the 20% OPEFB sample after drying More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Naile Karakehya1,2,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0131
Abstract In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, the extensive use of fossil resources and energy-intensive production methods was widely accepted, even celebrated, as signs of progress. However, growing concerns over environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate change have necessitated a transition toward more sustainable and environmentally responsible production strategies. Within this context, wick-and-oil flame synthesis has emerged as a simple, energy-efficient, and cost-effective method that utilizes natural oils as both fuel and renewable carbon sources for the generation of carbon nanoparticles, particularly carbon nano-onions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of this emerging synthesis… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Omojola Awogbemi1,*, Daramy Vandi Von Kallon1, Ramesh C. Ray2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0112
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Biochar Based Materials for a Green Future)
Abstract Increased human and industrial activities have exacerbated the release of toxic materials and acute environmental pollution in recent times. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced from biomass, is gaining momentum as a versatile material for attaining a sustainable environment. The study reviews the application of functionalized biochar for energy storage, environmental remediation, catalysis, and sustainable agriculture, aiming to achieve a greener future. The deployment of crop residues as a renewable feedstock for biochar, and their properties, compositions, modification, and functionalization techniques are also discussed. Additionally, the avenues for applying functionalized biochar to achieve a greener future,… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Luthfi Hakim1,*, Yunida Syafriani Lubis2, Apri Heri Iswanto1, Harisyah Manurung1, Jayusman2, Widya Fatriasari3, Petar Antov4, Tomasz Rogoziński5, Lee Seng Hua6, Nur Izyan Wan Azelee7
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0078
Abstract Activated charcoals were synthesized from sugar palm bunches (SPB) of the native tree of Arenga longipes in Indonesia. The synthesized activated charcoal (AC) was characterized, and utilized as an absorbent for heavy metals (lead/Pb and copper/Cu) through thermal activation. The synthesis of AC was accomplished through furnace activation at temperatures of 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C. Acid chlorides were blended with the SPB-AC samples at 5% impregnation level and subsequently subjected to washing for activation, resulting in the elimination of volatile substances and ash content, which facilitates the development of a porous structure in the activated… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Valentina Sergeevna Borovkova1,2,*, Yuriy Nikolaevich Malyar1,2, Vladislav Alexandrovich Ionin1,2, Alexander Sergeevich Kazachenko1,2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0067
Abstract TTe valorization of plant biomass towards high-value chemicals is a global trend aimed at solving the
problem of the huge accumulation of lignocellulosic waste. Plant polysaccharides are natural polymers that make up
about 20% by weight of biomass, with a unique variety of structures and properties that depend on the type of raw
materials and the method of their extraction.In thisstudy, the effect of variability of the oxidative deligniffcation process
conditions in the «acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide-water-(NH4)6Mo7O24» on the extraction and properties of aspen
(Populus tremula) wood hemicelluloses was investigated for the ffrst time. TTe developed method for More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Lucila M. Curi*, Maria C. Area, Maria E. Vallejos
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0069
Abstract The global demand for renewable and sustainable non-petroleum-based resources is rapidly increasing. Lignocellulosic biomass is a valuable resource with broad potential for nanocellulose (NC) production. However, limited studies are available regarding the potential toxicological impact of NC. We provide an overview of the nanosafety implications associated mainly with nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) and identify knowledge gaps. For this purpose, we present an analysis of the studies published from 2014 to 2025 in which the authors mention aspects related to toxicity in the context of packaging. We also analyze the main methods used for toxicity evaluations and… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhiying Lin1, Boju Deng1, Qianqian Zhang1, Jingming Chen2, Xinqiang Ye3, Yuling Lan1, Jiuping Rao1,*, Mizi Fan4, Weigang Zhao1,*
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0096
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable Nanostructured Porous Materials: Synthesis, Processing, and Applications)
Abstract Bio-derived carbon cryogels have garnered significant interest as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their high specific surface area (SSA), hierarchical porosity, and eco-friendly synthesis methods. In this study, a tannin-modified phenolic hydrogel was synthesized using a sustainable tannin–phenol precursor system and subsequently subjected to three distinct drying methods-freeze-drying (FD), supercritical drying (SCD), and ambient pressure drying (APD)-to systematically evaluate their influence on structural integrity, porosity, and electrochemical behavior. Among these, the sample obtained via freeze-drying (TPUF-FD) maintained the most intact porous network, minimizing structural collapse during sublimation of ice under vacuum. This preservation… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Maryam1,*, Rahayu Puji2, Luthfi Muhammad Zulfikar2, Ikhsandy Ferry2, Nadiyah Khairun1, Hidayat3, Ilyas Rushdan Ahmad4, Syafri Edi5
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02024-0063
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Special issue from 1st International Conference of Natural Fiber and Biocomposite (1st ICONFIB) 2024 )
Abstract The development of the bioplastics industry addresses critical issues such as environmental pollution and food safety concerns. However, the industrialization of bioplastics remains underdeveloped due to challenges such as high production costs and suboptimal material characteristics. To enhance these characteristics, this study investigates bioplastics reinforced with Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB), incorporating dispersing agents. The research employs a Central Composite Design from the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with two factors: the type of dispersing agent (KCl and NaCl) and the NCC concentration from OPEFB (1%–5%), along with the dispersing… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Apri Heri Iswanto1,2,*, Nabila Nabila1, Rika Elfiina1, Luthfi Hakim1,2, Tito Sucipto1,2, Manggar Arum Aristri3, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis4, Widya Fatriasari4, Jajang Sutiawan4, Atmawi Darwis5, Tomasz Rogozin´ski6, Lee Seng Hua7, Lum Wei Chen8, Petar Antov9
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0058
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Eco-friendly Wood-Based Composites: Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications)
Abstract Indonesia, with its vast forested regions, has experienced significant deforestation, adversely affecting
the wood industry. As a result, alternative sources of lignocellulosic biomass are required to mitigate this impact.
Among the abundant lignocellulosic raw materials in Indonesia, particularly in Sumatra, bamboo stands out as a
promising substitute. Bamboo is a highly versatile resource, suitable for various applications, including its use as
a composite raw material to replace traditional wood-based products. This research work aimed to investigate and
evaluate the characteristics—morphology, anatomy, physical and mechanical properties, chemical composition, starch
content, and natural resistance—of three bamboo species:… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Lailan Ni`mah1,*, Sri Rachmania Juliastuti2, Mahfud Mahfud2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0044
Abstract This study evaluates the effectiveness of microwave technology in producing activated carbon from lemongrass waste, an underutilized agricultural byproduct. Microwave-assisted production offers faster heating, lower energy consumption, and better process control compared to conventional methods. It also enhances pore development, resulting in larger, cleaner, and more uniform pores, making the activated carbon more effective for adsorption. The microwave-assisted process significantly accelerates production, reducing the required time to just 10 min at a power of 400 W. Activated carbon derived from lemongrass waste at 400 W exhibits a water absorption capacity of 7.88%, ash content of… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Xueqin Liu1, Qingchong Xu1, Yao Liu1, Junli Ren1,*, Lihong Zhao1, Ruonan Zhu1, Xingjie Wang1, Wei Qi2
Journal of Renewable Materials, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0060
Abstract It is highly attractive for the catalysts prepared from renewable materials and/or industrial by-products. Herein, lignosulfonate (LS) as the by-product in the papermaking industry was utilized to fabricate Sn-containing organic-inorganic complexing catalysts (Sn(x)@LS) by a simple hydrothermal self-assembly process. The fabricated Sn(x)@LS played an excellent performance in the dehydration of xylose into furfural in the carbon tetrachloride (CTC)-water biphasic system, yielding 78.5% furfural at 180°C for 60 min. It was revealed that strong coordination between Sn4+ and the phenolic hydroxyl groups of LS created a robust organic-inorganic skeleton (-Ar-O-Sn-O-Ar-), simultaneously generating potent Lewis acidic sites, and More >
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