Guest Editors
Xin Wang, Associate Professor, University of Science and Technology of China, China.
Dr. Xin Wang is an associate professor in the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). He obtained his PhD in Safety Science and Engineering from the USTC in 2013. His research interests focus on synthesis of bio-based halogen-free flame retardants and preparation of novel nanomaterials, and their use in flame retardant polymeric composites. Up to now, he has been authored or co-authored more than 130 SCI-indexed papers in the peer-reviewed international journals (including 6 ESI highly-cited papers, total citations 6040, H index = 45), 5 book chapters and 1 monograph in this field.
Summary
The extensive utilization of polymeric materials in our daily life is driven by their superior comprehensive properties. However, polymeric materials are apt to be ignited with fast flame spread rate as well as the release of massive toxic gases and smoke during combustion. As a consequence, the relatively high fire hazards of polymeric materials account for a large number of property loss and casualties in polymer-related fire accidents every year worldwide. Thus, fire safety requirements on polymeric materials are currently attracting more and more attention in terms of difficulty of ignition, low heat release rate and low production of toxic gases and smoke. Over the past few decades, flame retardant technology from bio-based resources has gained increasing interests owing to increasing awareness on environmental protection and sustainable development. Bio-based halogen-free flame retardant is a hot research area nowadays as it is safe, non-toxic and sustainable flame retardant. This special issue mainly focuses on the latest advances in bio-based halogen-free flame retardant polymeric materials application. The scope of interests includes but is not limited to the following topics:
(1) Flame retardant additives derived from bio-based resources;
(2) Bio-based intrinsically flame retardant polymeric materials;
(3) Flame retardancy of bio-based or renewable polymer composites;
(4) Flame retardant polymer/natural fibers composites;
(5) Thermal degradation of bio-based or renewable polymer composites;
(6) Smoke suppression of bio-based or renewable polymer composites.
Keywords
Bio-based resources; Polymeric materials; Flame retardant; Thermal degradation; Smoke suppression
Published Papers
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Open Access
EDITORIAL
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Influence of Beta-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Tin Phenylphosphonate on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Composites
Yongming Chen, Shuai Huang, Han Zhao, Ru Yang, Yining He, Tianyu Zhao, Yunlong Zhang, Qinghong Kong, Shasha Sun, Junhao Zhang
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3119-3130, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019576
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract To enhance the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP), beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is successfully introduced into the layered tin phenylphosphonate (SnPP), which is incorporated into EP matrix for preparing EP/β-CD@SnPP composites. The results indicate that the addition of β-CD@SnPP obviously improve
the thermal stability and residual yield of EP composites at higher temperature. When the amount of β-CD@SnPP
is only 4 wt%, EP/4β-CD@SnPP composites pass V-1 rating, and LOI value is up to 30.8%. Meanwhile, β-
CD@SnPP effectively suppress the heat release and reduce the smoke production of EP/β-CD@SnPP composites
in combustion, and the peak heat release rate…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Effect of MMT on Flame Retardancy of PLA/IFR/LDH Composites
Ping Zhang, Siyu Gan, Lin Chen, Hao Chen, Chunhui Jia, Yingke Fu, Ying Xiong
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 2937-2947, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019590
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Nano filler synergistic intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system is an effective way to improve the flame retardant properties of polymer. In this study, the effects of montmorillonite (MMT) on the flame retardant properties
of polylactic acid/layered double hydroxides (PLA/LDH) and PLA/IFR/LDH were investigated. The results show
that both LDH and LDH/IFR can reduce the peak heat release rate (HRR) of PLA and prolong the combustion
time of PLA; When a proportionate MMT is introduced into PLA/LDH and PLA/IFR/LDH systems, respectively,
MMT will not only affect the degradation process of PLA composites during combustion, but also the PLA composites can form…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Facile Synthesis of a Novel Bio-Based P-N Containing Flame Retardant for Effectively Reducing the Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resin
Meixian Li, Xin Hu, Jie Yang, Hongyu Yang, Yao Yuan
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.10, pp. 2639-2654, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019491
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract In this work, a bio-based flame retardant (Cy-HEDP) was synthesized from cytosine and HEDP through a facile
salt-forming reaction and embedded into epoxy matrix to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression
performance. The product Cy-HEDP was well characterized by FTIR,
1
H and
31P NMR and SEM tests. On the basis
of the results, by adding 15 wt% Cy-HEDP, the EP
15 can pass UL-94 V-0 rating, and the total smoke production
(TSP) as well as total heat release (THR) can be decreased by 61.05% (from 22.61 to 8.7 m
2
/m
2
) and 39.44% (from
103.19 to 62.50 MJ/m
2
)…
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Graphic Abstract
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Phosphorylated Salicylic Acid as Flame Retardant in Epoxy Resins and Composites
Lara Greiner, Philipp Kukla, Sebastian Eibl, Manfred Döring
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.7, pp. 1931-1950, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019548
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract A novel, versatile flame retardant substructure based on phosphorylated salicylic acid (SCP) is described and used
in the synthesis of new flame retardants for HexFlow
® RTM6, a high-performance epoxy resin used in resin
transfer molding processes as composite matrix. The starting material salicylic acid can be obtained from natural
sources. SCP as reactive phosphorus chloride is converted with a novolak, a novolak containing 9, 10-dihydro-9-
oxa-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) substituents or DOPO-hydroquinone to flame retardants with
sufficient thermal stability and high char yield. Additionally, these flame retardants are soluble in the resin as well
as react into the epoxy network. The determined…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Halogen-Free Flame Retarded Poly(Lactic Acid) with an Isosorbide-Derived Polyphosphonate
Wenwen Guo, Wei Cai, Dong Wang, Junling Wang, Xiefei Zhu, Bin Fei
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.7, pp. 1875-1888, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018823
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Fabrication of flame retardants from renewable biomass has aroused extensive interest over the past decade. This
work reported a synthesis of isosorbide-derived polyphosphonate (PICPP) as an anti-flammable agent for poly
(lactic acid) (PLA). The presence of PICPP notably declined the storage modulus of PLA/PICPP owing to the
declined molecular weight of PLA catalyzed by the presence of PICPP. PLA and PLA/PICPP thermally degraded
in one stage under either air or nitrogen atmosphere. With increasing the amount of PICPP, the onset thermal
decomposition temperature of PLA/PICPP was decreased gradually, owing to the earlier decomposition of PICPP.
With only 10 wt% of…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
A New DOPO-Eugenol Adduct as an Effective Flame Retardant for Epoxy Thermosets with Improved Mechanical Properties
Daqin Zhang, Chufeng Yang, Huayang Ran, Juanli Wang, Jintao Wan, Yuhu Li, Pujun Jin, Daodao Hu
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.7, pp. 1797-1811, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018754
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract The development of efficient green flame retardants is an important way to realize more sustainable epoxy
thermosets and downstream materials. In this work, a monoepoxide is synthesized through O-glycidylation of
eugenol, and then reacted with DOPO (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophenanthrene-10-oxide) to obtain a
new bio-based flame retardant, DOPO-GE. DOPO-GE is blended with a bisphenol A epoxy prepolymer exhibiting good compatibility and DDS (4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone) is used as the curing agent to afford epoxy thermosets. Although DOPO-GE leads to the reduced glass transition temperature of the thermosets, the storage
modulus increases considerably. The DOPO-GE-modified thermosets exhibit the high thermal stability with
the onset thermal decomposition…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
A Vanillin-Derived, DOPO-Contained Bisphenol as a Reactive Flame Retardant for High-Performance Epoxy Thermosets
Li Wang, Rongbai Tong, Juanli Wang, Jintao Wan, Yuhu Li, Pujun Jin, Daodao Hu
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 1349-1364, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019372
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Quest for bio-based halogen-free green flame retardant has attracted many concerns in recent years. Herein a reactive functional flame retardant containing phosphorus VDP is synthesized from vanillin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphophene-10-oxide (DOPO) and phenol via a facile way. VDP is characterized with
1H NMR,
31P NMR, FTIR and Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, and used as a new reactive flame retardant for bisphenol epoxy thermosets. Thermogravimetry analysis shows that when the VDP loading is only 0.5P% (based on phosphorus content), the residue increases from 14.2% to 21.1% at 750°C in N
2 compare with neat DGEBA. Correspondingly, the limit oxygen index increased to 29.6%,…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Bio-Based Trivalent Phytate: A Novel Strategy for Enhancing Fire Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites
Bing Zhang, Sujie Yang, Mengru Liu, Panyue Wen, Xiuyu Liu, Gang Tang, Xiangrong Xu
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 1201-1220, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018047
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Biomass phytic acid has potential flame retardant value as the main form of phosphorus in plant seeds. In this study, phytate-based flame retardants aluminum phytate (PA-Al) and iron phytate (PA-Fe) were synthesized and characterized. Subsequently, they were introduced into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) as flame retardants by one-step water-blown method. The results indicated that RPUF/PA-Fe30 exhibited the highest char residue of 22.1 wt%, significantly higher than 12.4 wt% of RPUF. Cone calorimetry analysis showed that the total heat release (THR) of RPUF/PA-Al30 decreased by 17.0% and total smoke release (TSR) decreased by 22.0% compared with pure RPUF, which were the lowest, demonstrating…
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Graphic Abstract
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Open Access
REVIEW
Recent Advances in Flame Retardant Bio-Based Benzoxazine Resins
Hongliang Ding, Xin Wang, Lei Song, Yuan Hu
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 871-895, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018150
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Benzoxazines have attracted wide attention from academics all over the world because of their unique properties. However, most of the production and preparation of benzoxazine resins depends on petroleum resources now, especially bisphenol A-based benzoxazine. Therefore, owing to the environmental impacts, the development of bio-based benzoxazines is gaining more and more interest to substitute petroleum-based benzoxazines. Similar to petroleum-based benzoxazines, most of bio-based benzoxazines suffer from flammability. Thus, it is necessary to endow bio-based benzoxazines with outstanding flame retardancy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest advance in flame retardant bio-based benzoxazines. First, three methods of the…
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Graphic Abstract
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Borate-Modified, Flame-Retardant Paper Packaging Materials for Archive Conservation
Juanli Wang, Ming Cao, Jiaxin Li, Kaiyuan Li, Xiaolian Chao, Bingjie Mai, Yuhu Li, Jing Cao
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 1125-1136, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.018147
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Paper packaging materials like cardboards are widely used to protect archives which are a major kind of cultural relics. Unfortunately, paper is a combustible material, and thus exploring environment-friendly flame retardant for paper-based archive packaging material plays an important role. Herein, boric acid, borax and disodium octaborate are used to modify the craft paper-based packaging materials for archive conservation to improve fire safety. The modified craft paper exhibits much higher flame retardancy than the pristine one dose based on vertical burning tests, without much influence on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning…
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Graphic Abstract
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Study of Burning Behaviors and Fire Risk of Flame Retardant Plywood by Cone Calorimeter and TG Test
Liping Yu, Zhongyou Luo, Lifen Li, Xuedong Xi, Zhigang Wu, Bengang Zhang
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2143-2157, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016092
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine, guanidine sulfamate, disodium octaborate
tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mixture to prepare plywood. The combustion characteristics and thermal stability of plywood were assessed using a cone
calorimeter and TG. Results showed that: (1) High concentration and loading of flame retardant were beneficial for
the fire resistance of the plywood. (2) The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and residual mass of plywood processed using
the flame retardant was increased by 87.52% and 58.66% compared to those of the untreated plywood, while the
average heat…
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Preparation and Properties of Bio-Based Flame Retardant L-APP/Poly(L-lactic acid) Composites
Qionglin Luo, Mingliang Wang, Hui Zhang, Yuejun Ouyang, Hongwei Lin, You Shu, Shengpei Su
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.12, pp. 2067-2076, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016255
（This article belongs to this Special Issue:
Bio-based Halogen-free Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
Abstract Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a thermoplastic material with complete degradability, high biocompatibility and
excellent mechanical properties. It can replace petroleum-based polymers are currently being used in the fields
of packaging, agriculture, textiles, medical and so on. However, PLLA’s extremely flammability greatly limits its
wider application. An bio-based flame retardant L-APP/PLLA composites was prepared by melt blending of
the L-APP and PLLA. The morphology, impact properties, thermal properties and flame retardant properties
of composites were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), impact tester, differential
scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), limiting oxygen indexer (LOI) and horizontalvertical burning tester. The…
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Graphic Abstract
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