Citric Acid as an Alternative Adhesive: Optimisation of Concentrations on Characteristics of Jabon Plywood
Muhammad Ilham Aulia1, Alifah Syahfitri1, Imam Busyra Abdillah1, Abdus Syukur1, Dede Hermawan1,*, Rita Kartika Sari1, Mahdi Mubarok1, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis2, Sukma Surya Kusumah2, Sarah Augustina2, Jajang Sutiawan2,*
1 Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
2 Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
* Corresponding Author: Dede Hermawan. Email: 
; Jajang Sutiawan. Email: 
Journal of Renewable Materials https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0160
Received 15 August 2025; Accepted 06 November 2025; Published online 08 December 2025
Abstract
Citric acid adhesive is an alternative to formaldehyde-based adhesives that are more environmentally friendly because they are non-toxic and made from natural ingredients. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in citric acid adhesive concentrations on the physical and mechanical properties of jabon plywood. This study used citric acid adhesive with variations in citric acid (CA) concentrations of 59%, 69%, and 79%. Physical property tests include density, moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), thickness expansion (TS), and delamination, while mechanical tests include modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and shear stress (TSS). The results showed that variations in adhesive concentration did not have a statistically significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of jabon plywood. However, at CA, 59% had the highest density, and MC, the highest WA was recorded at CA 79%, while the highest TS was at CA 59%, but in this study, no delamination occurred. The highest MOE test result was at a CA concentration of 59%, the highest MOR value was at a CA 79%, and the highest TSS value was at a CA 69%. CA, with a concentration of 69%, is the optimal CA adhesive based on the strength of mechanical properties and water resistance.
Keywords
Citric acid adhesives; jabon plywood; adhesive concentration; water resistance
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