Recent Advances, Challenges, and Analytical Perspectives in Starch-Based Bioplastics
Nuhu Lawal1,2, Adekunle Adeleke2,3, Petrus Nzerem2,4, Chizoma Adewumi2,5, Frank Ogundolie2,6, Esther Anosike-Francis2,3, Waliyi Adeleke2,3, Seun Jesuloluwa2,3,*
1 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Nile University of Nigeria, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
2 Waste to Wealth Research Group, Nile University of Nigeria, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
4 Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
5 Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Veritas University, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
6 Department of Biotechnology, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
* Corresponding Author: Seun Jesuloluwa. Email: 
Journal of Renewable Materials https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2026.02025-0203
Received 04 November 2025; Accepted 11 February 2026; Published online 06 March 2026
Abstract
The environmental concerns of petroleum-based plastics, including their non-biodegradability, contribution to pollution, and reliance on finite fossil resources, have motivated growing global interest in biodegradable alternatives, with starch-based bioplastics emerging as a promising solution due to their renewability, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with existing processing technologies. This review synthesizes recent developments, challenges, and analytical techniques related to starch-based bioplastics. It examines the physicochemical properties of starch, modification methods such as plasticization, blending, and chemical treatments, and key production techniques including extrusion, injection molding, and 3D printing. Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties are evaluated through standardized testing approaches, and the influence of various additives is discussed in detail. While starch-based bioplastics show potential in packaging, agriculture, and biomedical applications, they face limitations related to moisture sensitivity, thermal instability, and production scalability. Analytical tools like Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction, and Thermogravimetric Analysis provide critical insights into structural and functional optimization. The review also addresses sustainability metrics through life cycle analysis and outlines key barriers to commercialization. Overall, starch-based bioplastics represent a viable path toward a circular economy, contingent upon continued innovation and policy support.
Keywords
Advances; biodegradability; challenges; mechanical properties; physicochemical properties; renewable resources; starch-based bioplastics; thermal stability
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