Open AccessISSN:2164-6325(print)
ISSN:2164-6341(online)
Publication Frequency:Monthly
Journal of Renewable Materials (JRM) is an interdisciplinary journal publishing original research covering all aspects of bio-based materials, sustainable materials, and green chemistry. The scope of the journal is devoted to reports of new and original experimental and theoretical research in the areas of materials, engineering, physics, bioscience, and chemistry, which are related to the critical renewable and recyclable applications.
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 491-503, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.024181
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Natural Fibre Composites: Design, Materials Selection and Fabrication)
Abstract PLA composites containing biomass fillers from the three herbaceous plants such as reed, wheat stalk, and coconut fiber with length and diameter at the scale of several millimeters were prepared without using additives. The
reinforcement effect on the properties of PLA/biomass filler composites is investigated. The research results show
that the PLA/biomass filler composites exhibit good stiffness, flexural strength, and impact toughness. Among the
three kinds of biomass fillers, reed reinforced PLA composites show optimal mechanical properties. When filled
with 40%–50% reed, the flexural moduli of the composites are over 7000 MPa. Flexural strength retains at the
same level of… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 505-521, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.024872
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Advanced Wood Composites from Renewable Materials)
Abstract Furfurylation is a well-known wood modification technology. This paper studied the effect of tannin addition on
the wood furfurylation. Three kinds of dicarboxylic acids, adipic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid, as well as
glyoxal as a comparing agent, were used to catalyse the polymerisation of furanic or tannin-furanic solutions during wood modification. Impregnation of furanic or tannin-furanic solution at a certain concentration into the
wood followed with curing at 103°C for a specific duration was performed for the wood modification. Different
properties of the modified woods like dimensional stability, resistance of treatment to leaching, mechanical properties, decay durability against… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 523-538, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022809
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Renewable Biomass as a Platform for Preparing Green Chemistry)
Abstract Environment friendly and intelligent surfactants have attracted great attention in recent years. A bio-based CO2 responsive surfactant rosin acid dimaleimide choline (R-BMI-C) with an extremely rigid skeleton was prepared using rosin and choline as raw materials by Diels-Alder addition reaction and acid-base neutralization reactions. Its structure was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectra. The foams’ properties of R-BMI-C could be adjusted by bubbling CO2/N2 to change the structure of the surfactant. At pH 10.4, R-BMI-C forms an unstable foam with a half-life of 1.5 h. When the pH was reduced to 7.4 by bubbling CO2, R-BMI-C forms an extremely… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 539-553, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.024971
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Renewable and Biosourced Adhesives-2021)
Abstract
This article presents the first applied results of using citric acid in combinations with a melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin for bonding wood veneers. The chemical reactions involved are shown based on a MALDI ToF analysis of the reaction of the MUF resin with citric acid. The preliminary results of the physical and mechanical properties of the LVL prepared are also presented. Veneers from Populus sp were used to manufacture 5-layer laminated veneer lumber (LVL) of small dimensions. Five combinations of the amount of citric acid, MUF spread rate and pressing parameters were tested. LVL bonded with 20% of citric acid +… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 555-566, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.025701
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Process and Engineering of Lignocellulose Utilization)
Abstract Ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA) in bagasse, wheat straw, corn straw, and corncob were extracted by
alkaline hydrolysis and characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). It was found that the FA and most of the pCA in gramineous biomass could be dissociated and released
after being treated with 1 M NaOH at 100°C for 4 h. The yields of pCA/FA in bagasse, wheat straw, corn straw,
and corncob determined by GC-FID are 39.8/11.5, 13.7/11.0, 28.0/11.0, and 35.1/14.5 mg/g, respectively. The raw
materials and the treated solid residues were characterized by gel-state 2D Heteronuclear Single… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 567-580, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023037
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Computational Tools for Renewable Materials)
Abstract In this paper, the occurrence and development mechanism of strain on the cross-section during the wood drying is explored. Therefore, strain regularity on the cross-section of 50 mm thickness elm (Ulmus rubra) board at the temperature of 40°C and 80°C is detected via digital image correlation technology. Hence, the difference between tangential and radial strain at surface and core layers was denoted. The results showed that strain distribution in the width direction of the board is uneven. Moreover, a large drying shrinkage strain occurs at the near-core layer, while the maximum strain difference reaches 4.08%. Hence, the surface of the… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 581-598, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022074
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Sustainable Concrete with Recyclable Materials)
Abstract Different rubber aggregates lead to changes in the effect of stress conditions on the mechanical behavior of concrete, and studies on the triaxial properties of self-compacting rubber concrete (SCRC) are rare. In this study, 35 cylindrical specimens taking lateral stress and rubber type as variables were prepared to study the fresh properties and mechanical behaviors of SCRC under triaxial compression, where the rubber contains two types, i.e., 380 μm rubber powder and 1–4 mm rubber particles, and four contents, i.e., 10%, 20% and 30%. The test results demonstrated that SCRC exhibited a typical oblique shear failure mode under triaxial compression… More >
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Open Access
REVIEW
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 599-623, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022452
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Bio-Composite Materials and Structures-2021)
Abstract Straw is a general term for the stem and leaf parts of mature crops, and is a multi-purpose renewable biomass energy resource in the agricultural ecosystem. The prospect of comprehensive utilization of straw has become broad with the development of agricultural production, the advancement of science and technology, and the improvement of the level of agricultural mechanization. The comprehensive utilization of straw plays an important role in enhancing the sustainable development ability of agricultural economy and improving the current situation of comprehensive utilization of agricultural resources in my country. This paper briefly combs the development history of straw and the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 625-641, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022501
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Circular Economy in the Development of Eco-Friendly Materials for Construction)
Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) as a new nano-enhancer in cement-based materials has gained wide attention. However, GO is easy to aggregate in alkaline cement mortar with poor dispersibility. This hinders its application in practical infrastructure construction. In this work, GO-M18 polycarboxylate compound superplasticizer (GM) were obtained by compounding the M18 polycarboxylate superplasticizer with GO solution at different mass ratios. The dispersion of GM in alkaline solution was systematically studied. The phases and functional groups of GM were characterized by XRD and FTIR. The effects of GM on the cement mortar hydration and the formation of microstructure were investigated by measuring the… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 643-668, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022168
Abstract A composite rubber concrete (CRC) was designed by combining waste tire rubber particles with particle sizes of 3~5 mm, 1~3 mm and 20 mesh. Taking the rubber content of different particle sizes as the influencing factors, the range and variance analysis of the mechanical and impermeability properties of CRC was carried out by orthogonal test. Through analysis, it is concluded that the optimal proportion of 3~5 mm, 1~3 mm, and 20 mesh particle size composite rubber is 1:2.5:5. 5 kinds of CRC and 3 kinds of ordinary single-mixed rubber concrete (RC) with a total content of 10%~20% were designed under… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 669-688, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022192
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Sustainable Concrete with Recyclable Materials)
Abstract The destruction of concrete building materials in severely cold regions of the north is more severely affected by freeze-thaw cycles, and the relationship between the mechanical properties and pore structure of concrete with fine aggregate from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash after freeze-thaw cycles is analyzed under the degree of freeze-thaw hazard variation. In this paper, the gray correlation method is used to calculate the correlation between the relative dynamic elastic modulus, compressive strength, and microscopic porosity parameters to speculate on the most important factors affecting their changes. The GM (1,1) model was established based on the compressive… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 689-705, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022232
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Sustainable Concrete with Recyclable Materials)
Abstract Cold chain transportation is currently a hot research topic. Since the traditional refrigeration methods lead to the consumption of large amounts of energy, the search for new energy storage materials is a major trend. In the present contribution, n-dodecane/PMMA microencapsulated phase change materials were prepared by suspension polymerization for ice-temperature cold chain transportation and their preparation parameters were explored using the encapsulation ratio as optimization indicator. The results show that the n-dodecane-containing microcapsules have a maximum encapsulation ratio of 93.2% when using a core-to-wall ratio of 3:1, 5% of emulsifier, 30% of crosslinker, and 2000 rpm of emulsification speed. The phase… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 707-730, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022276
Abstract The serpentine tube liquid cooling and composite PCM coupled cooling thermal management system is designed
for 18650 cylindrical power batteries, with the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the power
pack within the optimal temperature operating range as the target. The initial analysis of the battery pack at a 5C
discharge rate, the influence of the single cell to cooling tube distance, the number of cooling tubes, inlet coolant
temperature, the coolant flow rate, and other factors on the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack, initially determined a reasonable value for each design parameter. A control strategy is used… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 731-743, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022283
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Carbon-Based Nanomaterials from Renewable Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)
Abstract Simultaneous broadband absorption and polarization conversion are crucial in many practical applications, especially in terahertz communications. Thus, actively tunable metamaterial systems can exploit the graphene-based
nanomaterials derived from renewable resources because of the flexible surface conductivity and selective permeability of the nanomaterials at terahertz frequencies. In this paper, we propose a graphene-based active tunable
bifunctional metasurface for dynamic terahertz absorption and polarization conversion. The graphene ring presents a certain opening angle (A) along the diagonal of the xoy plane. When A = 0°, the proposed metasurface
behaves as a broadband absorber. Numerical results show the feasibility of achieving this polarization-insensitive… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 745-776, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022846
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Sustainable Concrete with Recyclable Materials)
Abstract Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent. There is an urgent need to
find a green way to dispose of waste tires, and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard. In the construction industry, rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent. As a new building material, rubber concrete has superior properties compared to
ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields. Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide
to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete. It has been… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 777-789, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022811
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Renewable Material from Agricultural Waste and By-Product and Its Applications)
Abstract Difenoconazole (DIF) is a representative variety of broad-spectrum triazole fungicides and liposoluble pesticides.
However, the water solubility of DIF is so poor that its application is limited in plant protection. In addition, the
conventional formulations of DIF always contain abundant organic solvents, which may cause pollution of the
environment. In this study, two DIF/cyclodextrins (CDs) inclusion complexes (ICs) were successfully prepared,
which were DIF/β-CD IC and DIF/hydroxypropyl-β-CD IC (DIF/HP-β-CD IC). The effect of cyclodextrins on
the water solubility and the antifungal effect of liposoluble DIF pesticide were investigated. According to the phase
solubility test, the molar ratio and apparent stability… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 791-809, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022539
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Advanced Wood Composites from Renewable Materials)
Abstract Traditional methods focus on the ultimate bending moment of glulam beams and the fracture failure of materials
with defects, which usually depends on empirical parameters. There is no systematic theoretical method to predict
the stiffness and shear distribution of glulam beams in elastic-plastic stage, and consequently, the failure of such
glulam beams cannot be predicted effectively. To address these issues, an analytical method considering material
nonlinearity was proposed for glulam beams, and the calculating equations of deflection and shear stress distribution for different failure modes were established. The proposed method was verified by experiments and
numerical models under the corresponding… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 811-823, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022594
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Porous Materials for Sustainable Development)
Abstract Citral (Eo) exhibits excellent fungicidal activities. However, it is difficult to maintain long-term fungicidal activity due to its strong volatility. Herein, a controlled-release strategy by using biomass-derived porous carbon (BC) was developed to overcome the drawback of Eo. New composite materials were prepared by loading Eo on tea stem porous carbon (BC@Eo), and their controlled-release fungicidal activity against Exobasidium vexans was assessed. BC with a large specific surface area of 1001.6 m2/g and mesoporous structure was fabricated through carbonization temperature of 700°C. The BC@Eo materials were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The results suggested that chemical… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 825-836, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022599
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Bio-based Composite/Hybrid Structures and Components)
Abstract Eucalyptus nitens (E. nitens) has been much used for producing paper but also shows promise for structural applications. In this study, static compressive tests were undertaken to examine its suitability to be used in an innovative composite column. The composite column was comprised of a rectangular steel tube with E. nitens timber
infill. The nonlinear compressive behaviour of the composite column filled with E. nitens wood for both dry and
wet conditions was examined. The same tests on rectangular steel tubes and bare dry and wet E. nitens samples
were also undertaken as a comparison. For samples with different conditions,… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 837-852, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022792
Abstract This study presents an easily prepared film based on alkaline starch-polyvinyl alcohol hybrid and lignin fiber as an
additive (SPL film). The SPL film was prepared under acidic conditions through a polycondensation reaction of
PVA and a mixture incorporating alkaline starch and lignin fiber from agriculture or forest source. The examination
using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the surface of SPL film was smooth and the lignin fiber had
good compatibility within the film hybrid. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) and fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) investigations indicated that alkaline starch and lignin fiber reacted with PVA under acidic conditions… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 853-865, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022901
Abstract Hydrogels have been widely applied in agricultural drought-resistance, pollution regulation, drug delivery and so on. Acrylamide (AM) is usually used as raw material to synthesize acrylamide hydrogels. However, inherently low mechanical strength greatly limits their applications in some special areas. Therefore, it is necessary to choose suitable functional monomers to optimize acrylamide hydrogels and improve their mechanical performances. In this paper, a novel acrylamide monomer modified by rosin was synthesized, and then polyacrylamide/rosin-based acrylamide (RAM) composite hydrogels were prepared via free radical polymerization using potassium persulfate as initiator, N, N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. The influence of RAM monomer was… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 867-880, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022996
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Renewable Biomass as a Platform for Preparing Green Chemistry)
Abstract The development of PVC materials grafted with mannich base originated from myrcene (P-MAM-g, where the mannich base derived from myrcene is abbreviated as MAM) via green and effective synthetic methods is a good strategy to avoid unacceptable discoloration and deterioration of thermal and mechanical properties caused by autocatalytic dehydrochlorination (DHC) during PVC processing. In this study, MAM with double bonds, amino groups, ester groups, and phospholipid groups was introduced into the chains of PVC to improve the thermal stability of PVC. The experimental results showed that the covalent attachment of MAM to PVC enhanced both the initial and the long-term… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 881-904, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023000
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Circular Economy in the Development of Eco-Friendly Materials for Construction)
Abstract This study focuses on the workability and compressive strength of ceramsite self-compacting concrete with fine aggregate partially substituted by steel slag sand (CSLSCC) to prevent the pollution of steel slag in the environment. The SF, J-ring, visual stability index, and sieve analysis tests are primarily employed in this research to investigate the workability of freshly mixed self-compacting concrete containing steel slag at various steel slag sand replacement rates. The experiment results indicate that CSLSCC with the 20% volume percentage of steel slag (VPS) performs better workability, higher strength, and higher specific strength. The 7-day compressive strength of CSLSCC with the… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 905-920, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023196
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Bio-based Composite/Hybrid Structures and Components)
Abstract This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on progressive collapse behavior of a two-story glulam frame when the side column is exposed to ISO834 standard fire. The collapse mechanism initiated by fire is identified. The experimental results show that the progressive collapse of a glulam frame could be described for three stages, namely bending effect stage, catenary effect stage and failure stage, respectively. These stages are discussed in detail to understand the structural behavior before and during collapse. It is demonstrated that the entire frame slopes towards the side of the heated column, and the “overturning” collapse occurs eventually. The… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 921-936, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022840
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Natural Fibre Composites: Design, Materials Selection and Fabrication)
Abstract Sn1−xErxO2 (x = 0%, 8%, 16%, 24%) micro/nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning combined with heat
treatment using erbium nitrate, stannous chloride and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as raw materials. The target
products were characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer, X-ray diffrotometer, fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, spectrophotometer and infrared emissivity tester, and the effects of Er3+
doping on its infrared and laser emissivity were studied. At the same time, the Sn1−xErxO2 (x = 0%, 16%) doping
models were constructed based on the first principles of density functional theory, and the related optoelectronic
properties such as their energy band structure, density of states,… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 937-974, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023290
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Sustainable Concrete with Recyclable Materials)
Abstract Green and sustainable concrete has attracted significant attention from the construction industry and researchers
since it was proposed. The ceramic waste materials are often directly buried in the ground or placed in an open
dump, and the accumulation of ceramic waste contributes to environmental pollution, which makes the recycling
of ceramic waste quite urgent. Owing to the pozzolanic activity, excellent mechanical properties and durability,
industrial ceramic waste is considered as a suitable substitute for cement or natural aggregates to fabricate renewable concrete. In this paper, the pozzolanic activity of ceramic waste and the workability, mechanical performance,
and durability of ceramic… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 975-989, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023547
Abstract This study aimed to explore the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of extracts from different parts of plants in
the Zingiberaceae family. The inhibitory rate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of leaf and stem, and root and rhizome extracts from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata,
Alpinia oxyphylla Miq × Alpinia henryi K. Schumann, Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata, Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt,
Amomum villosum Lour, Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith and Alpinia oxyphylla Miq were determined
using the fungus cake method and double dilution method. The seven Zingiberaceae plants exhibited characteristic antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. At a… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 991-1001, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023584
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Characterization of the Curing of Bio-Based Adhesives)
Abstract Various crosslinking agents can be added to the formulations of natural-based adhesives for wood bonding in
order to achieve better durability and higher strength of the formed joints. In the present study, the effect of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) addition on the performance of liquefied wood (LW) adhesive for wood bonding is
investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry showed the improved thermal stability and crosslinking of the LW
adhesive with HMDA. The intensified presence of amide linkages (C–N bonds) was found in LW+HMDA with
attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of the bonded joints using an automated bonding evaluation system showed that… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 1003-1016, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.023621
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Bio-Composite Materials and Structures-2021)
Abstract In this study, different molar of methylolureas (MMU) were used to improve the properties and drying speed of
the raw lacquer (RL). The drying time, gloss, pencil hardness and impact resistance of the lacquer film were tested.
The thermal behaviors and chemical structures of the lacquer membrane were also discussed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis,
respectively. The results demonstrated that lower molar ratio MMU can significantly improve the properties of
lacquer. The TGA analysis showed that the modified lacquer had high thermal stability than that of the control.
The FT-IR… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.11, No.2, pp. 1017-1029, 2023, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2023.023699
Abstract The poly(epoxy-N-methylaniline) conductive organic carrier was used as the bonding phase of the low-temperature conductive silver paste. Then, this was mixed with different proportions of silver powder to prepare the lowtemperature conductive silver paste. Afterwards, the effect of the conductive organic carrier on the properties of
the low-temperature conductive silver paste was determined by IR, DMA and SEM. The results revealed that the
prepared conductive paste has good conductivity, film-forming performance, printing performance, low-temperature curing performance, and anti-aging performance. When the mass percentage of the bonding phase/conductive phase was 40/60, the lowest volume resistivity of the conductive silver paste was… More >
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