Open Access

REVIEW

Hung-Yu Lin^1,2,†, Hsing-Ju Wu^2,3,†, Pei-Yi Chu^1,4,5,*
European Cytokine Network, Vol.36, No.3, pp. 24-37, 2025, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2025.0504
Abstract Immunotherapy has demonstrated limited efficacy in immunologically “cold” breast cancers characterized by absent T-cell infiltration and inadequate interferon signaling. The purpose of this work is to propose and articulate a mechanistic and therapeutic framework in which mitochondrial stress is deliberately harnessed to convert immunologically “cold” breast tumors into “hot,” T cell–inflamed, immunotherapy-responsive lesions. This review synthesizes emerging evidence positioning mitochondrial stress as a strategic lever to transform these immune-excluded tumors into inflamed, therapy-responsive lesions. We examine how mitochondrial dysfunction triggers cytosolic release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a potent damage-associated molecular pattern that activates the cGAS-STING… More >

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Open Access

ARTICLE

Enrique Oropeza-Maetínez¹, Eva G. Palacios-Serrato¹, Marina Macías-Silva², Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz^1,*
European Cytokine Network, Vol.36, No.3, pp. 38-51, 2025, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2025.0503
Abstract Background: Glioblastoma is a lethal primary brain tumor that is therapeutically challenging due to its rapid progression. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signaling is altered in glioblastoma. Moreover, proteolytic enzymes, known as proteases, have been linked to the invasive growth of cancerous cells. In this study, we aimed to identify a glioblastoma-associated protease group and to determine its potential connection with IFN-γ signaling. Methods: Using cancer expression databases, we analyzed the differential expression of 35 proteases in glioblastoma and healthy brain tissue, and the relevance of their deregulation to patient survival. We also explored correlations between IFN-γ signaling… More >

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Open Access

ARTICLE

Yayun Wu^1,2,3,#, Qi Xia^1,#, Dancai Fan¹, Ya Zhao^1,3, Lijuan Liu^1,3, Shigui Deng^1,3, Ruizhi Zhao^1,2,3
European Cytokine Network, Vol.36, No.3, pp. 52-63, 2025, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2025.0505
Abstract Background: Psoriasis is a challenging immune-mediated dermatological disorder with an urgent need for effective clinical therapeutics, while astilbin has shown considerable efficacy in suppressing psoriasis progression, its underlying mechanisms are not fully clarified. This study aimed to systematically investigate the anti-psoriatic effects of astilbin and to elucidate its potential mechanisms of action. Methods: A psoriasis-like mouse model was established via cold water swimming, dietary restriction, and topical application of 5% propranolol emulsion, followed by daily treatment with low- (25.6 mg/kg), middle- (51.2 mg/kg), or high-dose (76.8 mg/kg) astilbin for 6 consecutive days, with evaluations including… More >

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