ECN-Vol. 16, No. 2, 2005

Open Access

ARTICLE

Cytokines as potential therapeutic targets for inﬂammatory skin diseases

Robert P. Numerof^a, Charles A. Dinarello^b, Khusru Asadullah^c
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 101-103, 2005
Abstract A network of pro-inﬂammatory cytokines is a central feature in the pathophysiology of cutaneous inﬂammatory diseases. Thus, the delineation of precise roles for particular cytokines and the development of cytokine-directed therapeutics have become areas of intense investigation. While anti-TNF therapeutics have proven to be effective for the treatment of psoriasis, clinical investigations have now begun with other cytokine-directed therapies, such as those targeting IFN-g, IL-12p40, and IL-18. In addition to therapeutics that target cytokines directly, strategies that target cytokine signaling pathways are in development too. In this short review, we summarize key ﬁndings from a More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

Nonhuman primates are relevant models for research in hematology, immunology and virology

F. Hérodin, P. Thullier, D. Garin, M. Drouet
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 104-116, 2005
Abstract Nonhuman primates have been used for biomedical research for several decades. They have proved to be models that are relevant to humans because of the high level of gene homology which underlies physiological and biochemical similarities. The similarity of monkeys to humans has been used to investigate pathophysiological mechanisms in hematology, immunology and virology. New therapeutic procedures can be assessed in primates by using materials, in particular pharmacological reagents, and methods designed for humans. The relevance of these models also relies on the use of species-speciﬁc pathogens and the availability of recombinant, homologous cytokines. The… More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

High levels of circulating interleukin-10 in diabetic nephropathy patients

Jolanta Myśliwska¹, K. Zorena¹, E. Semetkowska-Jurkiewicz², D. Rachoń¹, H. Suchanek¹, A. Myśliwski³
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 117-122, 2005
Abstract Aims. The aim of our study was to analyse the level of circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) and relate it to the grade of albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) due to type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Since IL-10 has met the criteria for an anti-inﬂammatory and an immunosuppressive cytokine, its activity may be important for clinical outcome of DN. Methods. The IL-10 level was measured by ELISA in serum samples from thirty patients with DN due to type 1 DM, and compared with thirty patients with type 1 DM without DN and a control group… More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

The sensitivity of renal cell carcinoma cells to interferon alpha correlates with p53-induction and involves Bax

S. Wittnebel¹, A. Jalil¹, J. Thiery¹, S. DaRocha¹, E. Viey¹, B. Escudier², S. Chouaib¹, A. Caignard¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 123-127, 2005
Abstract Interferon alpha (IFN-α) is an approved treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The underlying mechanisms are far from being clear, but are presumed to be a combination of stimulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, direct antiproliferative activity and antiangiogenic effects. Recently, the role of p53 in the cellular response to IFN-α has been proposed in other tumor models (hepatoblastoma). We therefore studied the expression of p53 during IFN-α treatment using two freshly established RCC cell lines RCC5 and RCC7. While IFN-α treatment signiﬁcantly enhanced the expression of p53 in RCC7, no changes were observed in RCC5. More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

Effects of glucan treatment on the Th1/Th2 balance in patients with allergic rhinitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study

Cengiz Kirmaz^1,2, Papatya Bayrak¹, Ozge Yilmaz³, Hasan Yuksel³
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 128-134, 2005
Abstract Background. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a disease characterized by IgE-mediated, allergic inﬂammation of the nasal mucosa. T helper (Th) 2 cells play an important role in the development of IgE-mediated diseases such as AR, with local overproduction of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) at the site of allergic inﬂammation. Th1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ) are known to suppress this Th2 immune response, aiding the treatment of these diseases. β-1,3-1,6-glucan (Glucan) is an immunomodulator stimulating particularly the antitumor response. An efficient antitumor stimulation can be achieved through a Th1-mediated immune response. Objective. The aim of… More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

Age-dependency of Plasmodium falciparum-speciﬁc and non-speciﬁc T cell cytokine responses in individuals from a malaria-endemic area
Michael Ramharter^1,2,3, Heidi Winkler^1,3, Peter G. Kremsner^2,3, Ayola A. Adegnika^2,3, Martin Willheim⁴, Stefan Winkler^1,3
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 135-143, 2005
Abstract In areas where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is highly endemic, naturally acquired immunity develops slowly with increasing age. The mechanisms that lead to this protective immunity against P. falciparum are under intense investigation, as they might serve as models for the development of an efficient vaccine. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential contribution of cell-mediated immune responses to the build-up of anti-malarial immunity by comparing the phenotypes and frequencies of both P. falciparum-speciﬁc and non-speciﬁc, cytokine-expressing T cells in a cross-sectional study of healthy children and adults, living in a malaria-endemic area in… More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

4-Hydroxy-oxyphenbutazone is a potent inhibitor of cytokine production

Anja Ten Brinke, David W. C. Dekkers, Silla M. Notten, Miriam L. Karsten, Els R. de Groot, Lucien A. Aarden
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 144-151, 2005
Abstract 4-hydroxy-oxyphenbutazone (4OH-OPB), is currently in phase II trials for its immunosuppressive effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. 4OH-OPB and other compounds related to phenylbutazone were tested for their effect on in vitro cytokine production by monocytes and lymphocytes present in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) or whole blood (WB) cultures, and compared against phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone, two known anti-inﬂammatory drugs. In PBMC cultures, 4OH-OPB was by far the most potent inhibitor, and both monokines and Th1 and Th2 lymphokines were efficiently inhibited at low concentrations. In WB cultures, 4OH-OPB was less effective than in PBMC cultures,… More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

Clinical signiﬁcance of matrix metalloproteinases activity in acute myocardial infarction

D. P. Papadopoulos¹, I. Moyssakis¹, T. K. Makris¹, M. Poulakou², G. Stavroulakis¹, D. Perrea², V. E. Votteas¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 152-160, 2005
Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) degrade myocardial ﬁbrillar collagen in acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Their activity is tightly controlled in normal myocardium by a family of closely related tissue inhibitors known as TIMP. An imbalance in their activity might contribute to post-MI remodeling. Plasma levels of MMP-1, TIMP-1 and MMP-1/TIMP-1 complex were measured, using relevant ELISA kits, in 24 (22 males-2 females), acute MI patients with a mean age 59 ± 14 years. Blood samples were taken on admission (0h),and 3h, 6h, 9h, 18h, 24h, 36h, 48h, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th, 7^th, 15^th, 30^th days after MI. All patients underwent… More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

Interleukin-6 expression during normal maturation of the mouse testis

Hadas Potashnik¹, Mahmoud Abu Elhija¹, Eitan Lunenfeld², Gad Potashnik², Stefan Schlatt³, Eberhard Nieschlag⁴, Mahmoud Huleihel¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 161-165, 2005
Abstract In this study, we examined the cellular origin and the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) during normal maturation of mouse testis. The levels of IL-6 (protein and mRNA) were higher in testicular homogenates of sexually immature than mature mice. Immunohistochemical staining of testicular tissues of sexually immature and adult mice show that testicular germ cells, at different stages of differentiation, Leydig cells/interstitial cells and peritubular cells express IL-6. Our results demonstrate, for the ﬁrst time, overexpression of IL-6 in testicular tissues of immature mice, as compared to mature mice, as well as the expression of More >

Open Access

ARTICLE

Testicular interleukin-6 response to systemic inﬂammation

Mahmoud Abu Elhija¹, Hadas Potashnik¹, Eitan Lunenfeld², Gad Potashnik², Stefan Schlatt³, Eberhard Nieschlag⁴, Mahmoud Huleihel¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.16, No.2, pp. 167-172, 2005
Abstract Spermatogenesis is a highly controlled process of proliferation, meiosis, and differentiation. Systemic infection and chronic inﬂammation can impair testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. In this study, we examined the effect of systemic infection – intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) – on the expression levels of IL-6 in the testis of sexually immature and adult mice. IL-6 levels in testicular homogenates of immature mice were signiﬁcantly higher than in mature mice (both protein and RNA levels), before and after LPS injection. Injection of LPS (i.p.) into mature mice over 3 hours, signiﬁcantly increased testicular IL-6 protein… More >

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