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Gregory B. Pott^1,2, Carrie A. Sailer^1,2, Reuven Porat³, Robert L. Peskind^4,*, Amy C. Fuchs³, Jonathan B. Angel⁵, Paul R. Skolnik⁶, Mark A. Jacobson⁷, Michael F. Giordano^8,*, Alexandre LeBeaut^9,*, Paul C. Grint^9,*, Charles A. Dinarello¹, Leland Shapiro^1,2
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 1-10, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0094
Abstract Interleukin (IL)-10 suppresses synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, IL-1β, and interferon (IFN)γ. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cytokine synthesis in whole blood cultures were determined during a 4-week course of subcutaneous IL-10 injections in 33 HIV-1-infected patients. Patients were randomized into four groups: placebo (nine), IL-10 at 1 lg/kg/day (nine), IL-10 at 4 lg/kg/day (six) and IL-10 at 8 lg/kg three times per week (nine). Whole blood was obtained at the beginning and conclusion of the study and was stimulated… More >

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Evemie Schutyser^1,2, Yingjun Su², Yingchun Yu², Mieke Gouwy¹, Snjezana Zaja-Milatovic², Jo van Damme¹, Ann Richmond²
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 11-22, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0087
Abstract The influence of environmental factors (cytokines, matrix components, serum factors and O₂ level) on expression of receptors for angiogenic versus angiostatic CXC chemokines in human microvascular endothelial cells has not been extensively investigated. Our semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that TNF-α and IFN-γ repressed CXCR4 mRNA levels in immortalized human microvascular endothelial HMEC-1 cells after 4 h, whereas only TNF-a displayed inhibitory activity in primary human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC). CXCR4 mRNA expression was not affected by VEGF, GM-CSF, IL-1β or various basal membrane matrix components, but was significantly up-regulated after serum starvation and/or hypoxic treatment of… More >

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Qingxia Yao, Ping Qian, Yi Cao, Yannan He, Youhui Si, Zhuofei Xu, Huanchun Chen
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 23-29, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0088
Abstract Interferon (IFN) is crucial for initiating the innate immune response and for the generation of the adaptive response. IFN, in most species, comprises IFN-alpha (IFN-α), IFN-beta (IFN-β) and IFN-gamma (IFN-γ). In this study, we compared the capacity of porcine IFN-α, -β and -γ, or a combination of them, to protect IBRS-2 cells (porcine kidney cells) from infection with pseudorabies virus (PRV). The results demonstrated that porcine IFN-β (PoIFN-β) was the most efficient of the three IFNs in conferring resistance PRV infection; 100 U/ml PoIFN-β inhibited PRV plaque formation 5.3-fold. Compared with PoIFN-β, porcine IFN-γ (PoIFN-γ)… More >

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Lorena Salazar^1,2,*, Octavio Aravena^1,2,*, Juan Contreras-Levicoy^1,2, Barbara Pesce^1,2, Diego Catalan^1,2, Roberto Zuniga^1,2, Mirentxu Iruretagoyena^2,3, Alexis M. Kalergis^2,3, Juan C. Aguillón^1,2
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 31-38, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0089
Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional, antigen-presenting cells, which induce and regulate T cell reactivity. DCs are crucial in innate and adaptive immune responses, and are also involved in central and peripheral tolerance induction. Tolerance can be mediated by immature and semi-mature DCs expressing low levels of co-stimulator and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of short-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation to modulate the stage of differentiation of bone marrow-derived DCs. For this purpose, DCs obtained from DBA1/lacJ mice were stimulated for four (4hLPS/DCs) or 24 (24hLPS/DCs) hours… More >

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Noemi Hernadfalvi¹, Wolfgang Langhans¹, Claudia von Meyenburg¹, Brigitte Onteniente², Denis Richard³, Denis Arsenijevic¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 39-45, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0090
Abstract To study the role of the redox state regulator glutathione (GSH) in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexia we measured GSH in liver, serum and brain in response to intraperitoneal (ip) lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4lg/mouse) injection in LPS-naïve and LPS-pretreated (4 lg/mouse) mice. LPS reduced food intake in LPS-naïve mice and LPS pretreatment attenuated this effect. LPS reduced total reduced GSH at 24 hours after injection in LPS-naïve mice. On the other hand, LPS pretreatment caused an upregulation of GSH levels in brain and liver, and this was associated with a significant attenuation of LPS-induced anorexia. In addition, More >

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Denis Arsenijevic¹, Noemi Hernadfalvi¹, Claudia von Meyenburg¹, Brigitte Onteniente², Denis Richard³, Wolfgang Langhans¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 47-55, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0091
Abstract Since the redox state regulator glutathione (GSH) influences lipopolysaccharide (LPS) anorexia, we studied the roles of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the GSH response to intraperitoneal (ip) LPS injection in mice. Basal NGF and GSH levels were up-regulated in brain and liver of TNFα-knock-out (KO) mice, and this was associated with attenuated LPS anorexia. The increases in NGF and GSH presumably contributed to the attenuated anorexia in response to LPS because transgenic mice over-expressing NGF (NGF-tg) also had increased GSH levels and displayed attenuated anorexia compared to the corresponding wild… More >

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Gregory B. Pott^1,2, Carrie A. Sailer^1,2, Reuven Porat³, Robert L. Peskind^4,*, Amy C. Fuchs³, Jonathan B. Angel⁵, Paul R. Skolnik⁶, Mark A. Jacobson⁷, Michael F. Giordano^8,*, Alexandre LeBeaut^9,*, Paul C. Grint^9,*, Charles A. Dinarello¹, Leland Shapiro^1,2
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 49-58, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0094
Abstract Interleukin (IL)-10 suppresses synthesis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, IL-1b, and interferon (IFN)γ. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), cytokine synthesis in whole blood cultures were determined during a 4-week course of subcutaneous IL-10 injections in 33 HIV-1-infected patients. Patients were randomized into four groups: placebo (nine), IL-10 at 1 lg/kg/day (nine), IL-10 at 4 lg/kg/day (six) and IL-10 at 8 lg/kg three times per week (nine). Whole blood was obtained at the beginning and conclusion of the study and was stimulated… More >

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Andrzej Torbé, Ryszard Czajka, Agnieszka Kordek, Rafał Rzepka, Sebastian Kwiatkowski, Jacek Rudnicki
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 57-62, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0092
Abstract Our aim was to compare maternal serum concentrations of interleukin(IL)-1α IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in pregnancies complicated by preterm labor (PTL), with the levels in healthy controls at approximately full-term, and to determine if these assays have any value in the prediction of early-onset neonatal infection or histological chorioamnionitis. The study population consisted of 65 women with new-onset PTL, and 31 healthy controls. Maternal serum concentrations of IL-6 (8.40 versus 3.30 pg/mL; p = 0.002) and IL-1β (2.20 versus 0.50 pg/mL; p = 0.003) were significantly higher in patients with PTL as compared to healthy… More >

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62

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Evemie Schutyser^1,2, Yingjun Su², Yingchun Yu², Mieke Gouwy¹, Snjezana Zaja-Milatovic², Jo Van Damme¹, Ann Richmond²
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 59-70, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0087
Abstract The influence of environmental factors (cytokines, matrix components, serum factors and O₂ level) on expression of receptors for angiogenic versus angiostatic CXC chemokines in human microvascular endothelial cells has not been extensively investigated. Our semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that TNF-α and IFN-γ repressed CXCR4 mRNA levels in immortalized human microvascular endothelial HMEC-1 cells after 4 h, whereas only TNF-α displayed inhibitory activity in primary human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC). CXCR4 mRNA expression was not affected by VEGF, GM-CSF, IL-1β or various basal membrane matrix components, but was significantly up-regulated after serum starvation and/or hypoxic treatment of… More >

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39

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Pierre Palmer^1,*, Michael G. Tovey², Franck Raschilas¹, Lilia Brassart¹, Jean-François Meritet^1,2, Raphaël Porcher³, Pierre Lebon¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 63-69, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0093
Abstract Through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or cytosolic RNA helices, a large number of pathogenic or synthetic components can induce the transcription of genes coding for type I interferons (IFNs). This family of related cytokines includes notably, a single IFN-β protein and 13 different IFN-α subtypes, whose biological activities are probably not the same. The aim of this study was to characterize the type I IFN subtypes produced in vitro by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to specific inducers. Thus, PBMCs obtained from a single donor, were exposed to various agents… More >

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Qingxia Yao, Ping Qian, Yi Cao, Yannan He, Youhui Si, Zhuofei Xu, Huanchun Chen
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 71-77, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0088
Abstract Interferon (IFN) is crucial for initiating the innate immune response and for the generation of the adaptive response. IFN, in most species, comprises IFN-alpha (IFN-α), IFN-beta (IFN-β) and IFN-gamma (IFN-γ). In this study, we compared the capacity of porcine IFN-α, -β and -γ, or a combination of them, to protect IBRS-2 cells (porcine kidney cells) from infection with pseudorabies virus (PRV). The results demonstrated that porcine IFN-β (PoIFN-β) was the most efficient of the three IFNs in conferring resistance PRV infection; 100 U/mL PoIFN-β inhibited PRV plaque formation 5.3-fold. Compared with PoIFN-β, porcine IFN-c (PoIFN-γ)… More >

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42

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43

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ARTICLE

Lorena Salazar^1,2,*, Octavio Aravena^1,2,*, Juan Contreras-Levicoy^1,2, Barbara Pesce^1,2, Diego Catalan^1,2, Roberto Zuniga^1,2, Mirentxu Iruretagoyena^2,3, Alexis M. Kalergis^2,3, Juan C. Aguillón^1,2
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 78-85, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0089
Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional, antigen-presenting cells, which induce and regulate T cell reactivity. DCs are crucial in innate and adaptive immune responses, and are also involved in central and peripheral tolerance induction. Tolerance can be mediated by immature and semi-mature DCs expressing low levels of co-stimulator and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of short-term lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation to modulate the stage of differentiation of bone marrow-derived DCs. For this purpose, DCs obtained from DBA1/lacJ mice were stimulated for four (4hLPS/DCs) or 24 (24hLPS/DCs) hours… More >

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34

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Noemi Hernadfalvi¹, Wolfgang Langhans¹, Claudia von Meyenburg¹, Brigitte Onteniente², Denis Richard³, Denis Arsenijevic¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 86-92, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0090
Abstract To study the role of the redox state regulator glutathione (GSH) in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexia we measured total reduced GSH (trGSH) in liver, serum and brain in response to intraperitoneal (ip) lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 4 lg/mouse) injection in LPS-naïve and LPS-pretreated (4 lg/mouse given 3 days earlier) mice. LPS reduced food intake in LPS-naïve mice and LPS pretreatment attenuated this effect. LPS decreased trGSH at 24 hours after injection in LPS-naïve mice but 4 days later trGSH levels were upregulated in brain and liver, and this was associated with a significant attenuation of LPS-induced anorexia. More >

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Denis Arsenijevic¹, Noemi Hernadfalvi¹, Claudia von Meyenburg¹, Brigitte Onteniente², Denis Richard³, Wolfgang Langhans¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 93-101, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0091
Abstract Since the redox state regulator glutathione (GSH), which influences lipopolysaccharide (LPS) anorexia, may be controlled by cytokines, we studied the roles of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the GSH response to intraperitoneal (ip) LPS injection in mice. Basal NGF and total reduced GSH (trGSH) levels were up-regulated in brain and liver of TNFα-knock-out (KO) mice, and this was associated with attenuated LPS anorexia. The increases in NGF and trGSH presumably contributed to the attenuated anorexia in response to LPS because transgenic mice over-expressing NGF (NGF-tg mice) also had increased trGSH… More >

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58

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33

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ARTICLE

Andrzej Torbé, Ryszard Czajka, Agnieszka Kordek, Rafał Rzepka, Sebastian Kwiatkowski, Jacek Rudnicki
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 102-107, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0092
Abstract Our aim was to compare maternal serum concentrations of interleukin(IL)-1α IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in pregnancies complicated by preterm labor (PTL), with the levels in healthy controls at comparable gestational age, and to determine if these assays have any value in the prediction of early-onset neonatal infection or histological chorioamnionitis. The study population consisted of 65 women with new-onset PTL, and 31 healthy controls. Maternal serum concentrations of IL-6 (8.40 versus 3.30 pg/mL; p = 0.002) and IL-1β (2.20 versus 0.50 pg/mL; p = 0.003) were significantly higher in patients with PTL as compared to… More >

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44

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ARTICLE

Pierre Palmer^1,*, Michael G. Tovey², Franck Raschilas¹, Lilia Brassart¹, Jean-François Meritet^1,2, Raphaël Porcher³, Pierre Lebon¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 108-114, 2007, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2007.0093
Abstract Through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or cytosolic RNA helicases, a large number of pathogenic or synthetic components can induce the transcription of genes coding for type I interferons (IFNs). This family of related cytokines includes notably, a single IFN-β protein and 13 different IFN-α subtypes, whose biological activities are probably not the same. The aim of this study was to characterize the type I IFN subtypes produced in vitro by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to specific inducers. Thus, PBMCs obtained from a single donor, were exposed to various agents… More >

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