Open Access

REVIEW

Shi-Min Yuan
European Cytokine Network, Vol.28, No.1, pp. 1-7, 2017, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2016.0386
Abstract Pulmonary artery hypertension is a syndrome that shows similar clinical and pathophysiological features characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance. There have been a series of hypotheses trying to describe the development of pulmonary artery hypertension; however, none of them perfectly explains its pathogenesis. To highlight the pathogenesis, novel vasomotorial cytokines including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α endothelin-1, urotensin II, Krüppel-like factor 4, calcitonin gene-related peptide, angiopoietins and serotonin closely related to pulmonary artery hypertension are discussed. The development of the new agents relating to these cytokines may improve the relevant treatment strategies. More >

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Open Access

ARTICLE

Takehiro Hasegawa^1,2, Hitoshi Uga¹, Akio Mori³, Hirokazu Kurata^1,2
European Cytokine Network, Vol.28, No.1, pp. 8-18, 2017, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2017.0390
Abstract Asthma is a syndrome of chronic bronchial inflammation and airway remodelling. Initially, asthma has been categorized into atopic and nonatopic types, based on antigen-specific IgE levels. Moreover, recently, asthma has been classified into different endotypes based on its pathophysiology, leading to the selection of the most optimal and effective therapies. Although T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines were proven to play critical roles in atopic asthma, IL-17A has been reported to be involved in severe refractory asthma. Patients and methods: In this study, we measured the levels of 24 cytokines/chemokines in the sera of… More >

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Open Access

ARTICLE

Petra Jilma-Stohlawetz¹, Tuende Kliegel², Irene Kantner-Schlifke², Claudia Strasser-Marsik², Florian B. Mayr², Bernd Jilma²
European Cytokine Network, Vol.28, No.1, pp. 19-26, 2017, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2017.0389
Abstract Background: Endotoxemia induces pronounced changes in leukocyte count and enhances the release of many cytokines. However, the molecular regulation of this cytokine release is poorly characterized in humans. Methods: The time course of mRNA expression of 24 cytokines in circulating leukocytes was studied in a wellstandardized model of human endotoxemia (2 ng/kg). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to quantify the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible mRNA levels of leukocytes from 16 healthy volunteers in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Results: Baseline mRNA levels of interleukins including IL-1α, IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor… More >

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Open Access

ARTICLE

Mohammad Reza Haghshenas¹, Mohammad Javad Ashraf², Bijan Khademi³, Abbas Ghaderi^1,4, Nasrollah Erfani¹, Mahboobeh Razmkhah¹
European Cytokine Network, Vol.28, No.1, pp. 27-35, 2017, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2017.0388
Abstract Background: To explore the molecular mechanisms involved in pathophysiology of malignant and benign salivary gland tumors (SGTs), we investigated main tumor-inducing chemokines and chemokine receptors, CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 (CXCR7), CXCR3/CXCL10, CCR5/CCL5, CCL21/CCR7, CCL2, CCR4, CXCR5, CCR6, and CXCL8 in tumor tissues. Patients and methods: Parotid tissues were obtained from 30 patients with malignant and benign SGTs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to determine the mRNA expression pattern of the mentioned chemokines/chemokine receptors and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to verify the expression of CCR7. Results: Expression levels of CCR7 and CCR4 transcripts were higher in… More >

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Open Access

ARTICLE

Shima Mahmoudi¹, Babak Pourakbari¹, Setareh Mamishi^1,2
European Cytokine Network, Vol.28, No.1, pp. 36-40, 2017, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2017.0391
Abstract Tuberculosis control relies on the identification and preventive treatment of people who are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). PE/PPE proteins have been reported to elicit CD4 and/or CD8 responses either in the form of whole recombinant proteins or as individual peptides. Very few of the PE and PPE proteins have been previously tested for responses in patients with TB and healthy donors. This is the first study to evaluate the Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) after stimulation with PE35 and PPE68. The antigen-specific levels of IFN-γ following stimulation with QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube (QFT-G-IT) antigens,… More >

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