Open Access
REVIEW
Fatemeh Rafiei1, Ahmad Chitsaz-Sadeghi1, Mohammad Alizadeh1, Jafar Salimian2, Sadegh Azimzadeh-Jamalkandi1,*, Mostafa Ghanei1
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.077328
Abstract Objectives: Mustard Lung disease, a chronic respiratory condition caused by sulfur mustard exposure, involves dysregulated inflammation and repair. This scoping systematic review aims to investigate interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as a potential therapeutic agent, leveraging its anti-inflammatory and tissue-healing properties. Methods: Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a structured search (through July 2025) across major databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database) utilized “sulfur mustard” and “interferon-gamma” keywords. Studies reporting cellular and molecular data in humans or animals were screened. Extracted findings were integrated to construct a comprehensive… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yaoai Wang1,#, Shan Jiang1,#, Yifan Ren1,#, Jingze Gao1, Wenjing Fan1, Xueke Bai1, Sijv Lou1, Jiaxin Ding1, Ning Zhang1,*, Guangli Yan1,*, Guimin Zhang2, Hui Sun1,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.080998
Abstract Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, debilitating and fatal lung disorder. Despite significant advances in understanding its complex pathogenesis, there is at present no curative treatment for this disease. In the pathogenesis and progression of PF, the imbalance of the human immune system plays a central driving role. From the initial inflammatory response to the sustained release of pro-fibrotic factors, such as TGF-β during the chronic phase, the activity of immune cells, in particular M2 macrophages and Th2 cells, as well as fibroblasts form a vicious cycle, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. More >
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