Open Access
ARTICLE
Ines Allam1,2,#, Ouassila Madani1,2,#, Brahim Belaid1,2, Fatma Merah1,2, Ferial Messaoui3,4, Linda Azzoug3,4, Abdelmalek Balamane3,4, Reda Djidjik1,2,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.082748
Abstract Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting from the interaction between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, intestinal microbiota, and dysregulated immune responses. Despite major advances, the precise mechanisms underlying disease development remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate the proportions of Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells, as well as serum cytokine levels, in the peripheral blood of patients with CD. Methods: We enrolled 46 patients with active CD (median age: 31.5 years) and 30 healthy subjects (median age: 30.0 years). Th17 and Treg cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry, while… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hitoshi Uga1,*, Takahiro Okazawa1, Yoshiaki Miyamoto1, Takehiro Hasegawa1, Jun Saegusa2, Akio Morinobu2,3, Shunichi Kumagai4, Hirokazu Kurata1,5
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.083162
Abstract Background: Early and accurate differential diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains challenging, particularly in patients with seronegative or non-specific inflammatory arthritides. Because cytokines and chemokines play central roles in immune activation and leukocyte trafficking, we investigated whether serum cytokine and chemokine profiles could discriminate RA from non-rheumatoid arthritides (NRA) and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: One hundred and fifty-seven RA patients (104 anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)-positive and 53 ACPA-negative patients), 33 NRA patients and 86 HCs were included. Fourteen cytokines and twelve chemokines were measured in the sera of the above three cohorts, using high-sensitivity… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Qi Song1,2,3, Ming Li1,2, Zhiliang Jin4, Han Zhang1,2, Haisen Yin1,2,*, Shiyun Tan1,*, Baoping Yu1,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.084574
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Inflammation in Disease: When Cytokine Conversations Tell the Whole Story)
Abstract Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are increasingly recognized as active modulators of tumor immunity. However, organizing evidence only by tumor type, metabolite species, or individual pathway may not fully explain their context-dependent effects. This Review clarifies how SCFAs regulate tumor immunity by remodeling cytokine and chemokine networks within the tumor microenvironment and defines the contextual factors that determine whether these effects support or restrain antitumor responses. We organize SCFA-driven effects into four functional cytokine domains: pro-inflammatory, antitumor effector, immunosuppressive, and chemotactic/angiogenic mediators. Across these domains, SCFAs act through inflammasome modulation, receptor-mediated signaling, epigenetic regulation, and metabolic More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Fatemeh Rafiei1, Ahmad Chitsaz-Sadeghi1, Mohammad Alizadeh1, Jafar Salimian2, Sadegh Azimzadeh-Jamalkandi1,*, Mostafa Ghanei1
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.077328
Abstract Objectives: Mustard Lung disease, a chronic respiratory condition caused by sulfur mustard exposure, involves dysregulated inflammation and repair. This scoping systematic review aims to investigate interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as a potential therapeutic agent, leveraging its anti-inflammatory and tissue-healing properties. Methods: Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a structured search (through July 2025) across major databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database) utilized “sulfur mustard” and “interferon-gamma” keywords. Studies reporting cellular and molecular data in humans or animals were screened. Extracted findings were integrated to construct a comprehensive… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yaoai Wang1,#, Shan Jiang1,#, Yifan Ren1,#, Jingze Gao1, Wenjing Fan1, Xueke Bai1, Sijv Lou1, Jiaxin Ding1, Ning Zhang1,*, Guangli Yan1,*, Guimin Zhang2, Hui Sun1,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.080998
Abstract Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, debilitating and fatal lung disorder. Despite significant advances in understanding its complex pathogenesis, there is at present no curative treatment for this disease. In the pathogenesis and progression of PF, the imbalance of the human immune system plays a central driving role. From the initial inflammatory response to the sustained release of pro-fibrotic factors, such as TGF-β during the chronic phase, the activity of immune cells, in particular M2 macrophages and Th2 cells, as well as fibroblasts form a vicious cycle, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. More >
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