Open Access
REVIEW
Yaoai Wang1,#, Shan Jiang1,#, Yifan Ren1,#, Jingze Gao1, Wenjing Fan1, Xueke Bai1, Sijv Lou1, Jiaxin Ding1, Ning Zhang1,*, Guangli Yan1,*, Guimin Zhang2, Hui Sun1,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.080998
Abstract Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, debilitating and fatal lung disorder. Despite significant advances in understanding its complex pathogenesis, there is at present no curative treatment for this disease. In the pathogenesis and progression of PF, the imbalance of the human immune system plays a central driving role. From the initial inflammatory response to the sustained release of pro-fibrotic factors, such as TGF-β during the chronic phase, the activity of immune cells, in particular M2 macrophages and Th2 cells, as well as fibroblasts form a vicious cycle, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hsing-Ju Wu1,2, Yu-Chieh Tsai3,*, Hung-Yu Lin2,4,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.079012
Abstract Backgrounds: Lymph node metastasis is a critical determinant of breast cancer prognosis, yet the specific microenvironmental cytokines driving this process remain elusive. This study aims to identify key prognostic cytokines linking nodal metastasis to tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling and to evaluate their clinical utility. Methods: A predefined panel of 176 microenvironmental genes was evaluated using differential expression analysis and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm on the TCGA-BRCA cohort to identify optimal predictors of nodal metastasis. Prognostic value was assessed via Kaplan-Meier, subgroup, and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and validated across five… More >
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