Open Access
REVIEW
Qi Song1,2,3, Ming Li1,2, Zhiliang Jin4, Han Zhang1,2, Haisen Yin1,2,*, Shiyun Tan1,*, Baoping Yu1,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.084574
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Inflammation in Disease: When Cytokine Conversations Tell the Whole Story)
Abstract Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are increasingly recognized as active modulators of tumor immunity. However, organizing evidence only by tumor type, metabolite species, or individual pathway may not fully explain their context-dependent effects. This Review clarifies how SCFAs regulate tumor immunity by remodeling cytokine and chemokine networks within the tumor microenvironment and defines the contextual factors that determine whether these effects support or restrain antitumor responses. We organize SCFA-driven effects into four functional cytokine domains: pro-inflammatory, antitumor effector, immunosuppressive, and chemotactic/angiogenic mediators. Across these domains, SCFAs act through inflammasome modulation, receptor-mediated signaling, epigenetic regulation, and metabolic More >
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Open Access
REVIEW
Fatemeh Rafiei1, Ahmad Chitsaz-Sadeghi1, Mohammad Alizadeh1, Jafar Salimian2, Sadegh Azimzadeh-Jamalkandi1,*, Mostafa Ghanei1
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.077328
Abstract Objectives: Mustard Lung disease, a chronic respiratory condition caused by sulfur mustard exposure, involves dysregulated inflammation and repair. This scoping systematic review aims to investigate interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as a potential therapeutic agent, leveraging its anti-inflammatory and tissue-healing properties. Methods: Following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a structured search (through July 2025) across major databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database) utilized “sulfur mustard” and “interferon-gamma” keywords. Studies reporting cellular and molecular data in humans or animals were screened. Extracted findings were integrated to construct a comprehensive… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Matteo Ferraresi1, Giulia Pezzi1, Silvia Beltrami1, Giorgia Cianci1, Gloria Maini1, Alessia Liboni2, Marcello Baroni3, Daria Bortolotti1,*, Giovanna Schiuma1,*, Sabrina Rizzo1,#, Giovanni Strazzabosco1,#
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.083049
Abstract Flaviviruses, including Dengue, West Nile, Zika, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, are arthropod-borne RNA viruses that pose an increasing global health threat. This review summarizes the role of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), a multifunctional glycoprotein found in intracellular and secreted forms, as a key regulator of innate immunity. NS1 modulates several pattern recognition receptor pathways, including TLRs, RLRs, SR-B1-related mechanisms, and inflammasome platforms, thereby altering cytokine and interferon responses. Its effects are virus- and context-dependent. WNV NS1 inhibits TLR3/TRIF signaling, reducing IRF3 activation, type I interferon production, and interferon-stimulated gene expression. In contrast, DENV NS1 is More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yaoai Wang1,#, Shan Jiang1,#, Yifan Ren1,#, Jingze Gao1, Wenjing Fan1, Xueke Bai1, Sijv Lou1, Jiaxin Ding1, Ning Zhang1,*, Guangli Yan1,*, Guimin Zhang2, Hui Sun1,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.080998
Abstract Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, debilitating and fatal lung disorder. Despite significant advances in understanding its complex pathogenesis, there is at present no curative treatment for this disease. In the pathogenesis and progression of PF, the imbalance of the human immune system plays a central driving role. From the initial inflammatory response to the sustained release of pro-fibrotic factors, such as TGF-β during the chronic phase, the activity of immune cells, in particular M2 macrophages and Th2 cells, as well as fibroblasts form a vicious cycle, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hsing-Ju Wu1,2, Yu-Chieh Tsai3,*, Hung-Yu Lin2,4,*
European Cytokine Network, DOI:10.32604/ecn.2026.079012
Abstract Backgrounds: Lymph node metastasis is a critical determinant of breast cancer prognosis, yet the specific microenvironmental cytokines driving this process remain elusive. This study aims to identify key prognostic cytokines linking nodal metastasis to tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling and to evaluate their clinical utility. Methods: A predefined panel of 176 microenvironmental genes was evaluated using differential expression analysis and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithm on the TCGA-BRCA cohort to identify optimal predictors of nodal metastasis. Prognostic value was assessed via Kaplan-Meier, subgroup, and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and validated across five… More >
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