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Open Access

REVIEW

Immunomodulatory effects of Jingfang Granule polysaccharides in pulmonary fibrosis

Yaoai Wang1,#, Shan Jiang1,#, Yifan Ren1,#, Jingze Gao1, Wenjing Fan1, Xueke Bai1, Sijv Lou1, Jiaxin Ding1, Ning Zhang1,*, Guangli Yan1,*, Guimin Zhang2, Hui Sun1,*
1 State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, National Chinmedomics Research Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Integration and Innovation of Classic Formula and Modern Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
* Corresponding Author: Ning Zhang. Email: email; Guangli Yan. Email: email; Hui Sun. Email: email
# These authors contributed equally to this work

European Cytokine Network https://doi.org/10.32604/ecn.2026.080998

Received 20 February 2026; Accepted 08 May 2026; Published online 02 June 2026

Abstract

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, debilitating and fatal lung disorder. Despite significant advances in understanding its complex pathogenesis, there is at present no curative treatment for this disease. In the pathogenesis and progression of PF, the imbalance of the human immune system plays a central driving role. From the initial inflammatory response to the sustained release of pro-fibrotic factors, such as TGF-β during the chronic phase, the activity of immune cells, in particular M2 macrophages and Th2 cells, as well as fibroblasts form a vicious cycle, leading to excessive extracellular matrix deposition and tissue remodeling. Recent studies have shown that plant polysaccharides derived from natural products exhibit excellent immunomodulatory activity. They activate immunocompetent cells under immunosuppressed conditions, while suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory factors and promoting regulatory T cell function during immune hyperactivation, thereby restoring immune homeostasis. The present review focusses on the immunomodulatory properties of the polysaccharide components in Jingfang Granule and describes how its capacity to regulate a balanced immune response influences the occurrence and development of pulmonary fibrosis, thereby providing a new perspective and a potential therapeutic option for its treatment.

Keywords

Polysaccharides; Jingfang Granule (JFG); pulmonary fibrosis (PF); immune system

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