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REVIEW

Rashid Iqbal Khan^1,*, Mazhar Abbas¹, Khurram Goraya², Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye³, Subhan Danish³
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 438-452, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010972
Abstract COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is declared global pandemic. The virus owing high resemblance with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV has been placed in family of beta-coronavirus. However, transmission and infectivity rate of COVID-19 is quite higher as compared to other members of family. Effective management strategy with potential drug availability will break the virus transmission chain subsequently reduce the pressure on the healthcare system. Extensive research trials are underway to develop novel efficient therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have discussed the origin and family of coronavirus, structure, genome and pathogenesis of virus SARS-CoV-2 inside human host cell; comparison among SARS,… More >

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REVIEW

Akwasi Yeboah¹, Jiannong Lu¹, Ting Yang¹, Yuzhen Shi¹, Hanna Amoanimaa-Dede¹, Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim Boateng², Xuegui Yin^1,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 453-472, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09267
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract Increased urbanization and industrialization have greatly contributed to the emission of higher amount of heavy metals such as cadmium, nickel, and lead into the environment. These metals are non-biodegradable and toxic, causing much effects on plants and by extension to animals and humans, which have become a major global concern. The inherent ability of plants to resist heavy metal toxicity seems to be the most sustainable and cost-effective strategy. Castor plant is widely studied due to its tolerance to the effects of heavy metal contaminated soils, owing to its large biomass content and high accumulating capacity. Castor plants to some… More >

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Mona H. Soliman¹, Taghreed S. Alnusaire², Nessreen F. Abdelbaky^3,4, Aisha A. M. Alayafi⁵, Mirza Hasanuzzaman^6,*, Mohamed M. Rowezak², Mohamed El-Esawi⁷, Amr Elkelish⁸
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 473-486, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.08795
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stress in plants. However, traditional approaches are not always efficient in conferring salt tolerance. Experiments were conducted to understand the role of Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum and T. viride) in growth, chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis, and proline accumulation of C. pepo exposed to salinity stress. There were three salt stress (50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) lavels and three different Trichoderma inoculation viz. T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. harzianum + T. viride. Salt stress significantly declined the growth in terms of the shoot and root lengths; however, it was improved by the… More >

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ARTICLE

Cansu Altuntaş¹, Rabiye Terzi^1,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 487-495, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.08919
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle in the cell where proteins are created and folded. Folding is a very elaborate process that is often interrupted by various biotic and abiotic stresses, leading to the formation of unfolded and misfolded proteins called ER stress. Dithiothreitol (DTT)-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been recently reported in plants. Also, previous studies demonstrated that treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG₆₀₀₀) could stimulate water deficit in crops. However, further researches should be conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ER stress response and the relationship between water deficiency and ER. In… More >

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ARTICLE

Mahmuda Binte Monsur¹, Nasrin Akter Ivy¹, M. Moynul Haque², Mirza Hasanuzzaman³, Ayman EL Sabagh^4,5,*, Md. Motiar Rohman^6,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 497-517, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09144
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract The research was conducted to investigate comparative oxidative damage including probable protective roles of antioxidant and glyoxalase systems in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under salinity stress. Seedlings of two rice genotypes: Pokkali (tolerant) and BRRI dhan28 (sensitive) were subjected to 8 dSm⁻¹ salinity stress for seven days in a hydroponic system. We observed significant variation between Pokkali and BRRI dhan28 in phenotypic, biochemical and molecular level under salinity stress. Carotenoid content, ion homeostasis, antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate and glutathione redox system and proline accumulation may help Pokkali to develop defense system during salinity stress. However, the activity antioxidant enzymes particularly… More >

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ARTICLE

Alhan Sariyev¹, Celaleddin Barutcular^2,*, Mert Acar¹, Akbar Hossain³, Ayman EL Sabagh^2,4,5,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 519-528, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09142
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract Maize being sub-tropical crop is sensitive to water deficit during the early growth stages; particularly clay-rich soil, due to the compaction of the soil. It is well-documented that potential sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) (Full irrigation; SDIFull (100% field capacity (FC)), Deficit irrigation; SDIDeficit (70% FC)) improves water use efficiency, which leads to increased crop productivity; since it has a constraint that SDI excludes soil air around the root-zone during irrigation events, which alter the root function and crop performance. Additionally, in clayrich soils, the root system of plants generally suffers the limitation of oxygen, particularly the temporal hypoxia, and occasionally… More >

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ARTICLE

Zahoor Ahmad^1,*, Ejaz Ahmad Waraich², Celaleddin Barutçular¹, Akbar Hossain³, Murat Erman⁴, Fatih ÇIĞ⁴, Hany Gharib⁵, Ayman EL Sabagh^{4, 5, *}
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 529-539, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09143
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract The main objective of the research is to assess the role of foliar application of silicon (Si) for enhancing the survival ability of wheat under drought stress through improving its morphology, physicochemical and antioxidants activities. Treatments were five doses of Si at the rate of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM and a control. After completion of seeds germination, pots were divided into four distinct groups at various field capacity (FC) levels, such as 100% FC (well-irrigated condition), 75% FC (slight water deficit), 50% FC (modest water deficit) and 25% FC (severe water deficit stress condition). Foliar application of Si… More >

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ARTICLE

Md. Shakhawat Hossain¹, Md. Daud Hossain¹, Abdul Hannan², Mirza Hasanuzzaman³, Md. Motiar Rohman^4,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 541-559, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010279
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract Salinity stress is a major factor limiting plant growth and productivity of many crops including oilseed. The present study investigated the identification of salt tolerant mustard genotypes and better understanding the mechanism of salinity tolerance. Salt stresses significantly reduced relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll (Chl) content, K⁺ and K⁺ /Na⁺ ratio, photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) and increased the levels of proline (Pro) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents, Na⁺ , superoxide (O₂^•− ) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in both tolerant and sensitive mustard genotypes. The tolerant genotypes maintained higher Pro and lower… More >

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Chongchong Yan¹, Qianqian Wang¹, Nan Zhang², Jiajia Wang¹, Xuexiang Ren¹, Bingjie Xue³, Xiaojing Pu⁴, Zhihong Xu⁴, Huajun Liao^1,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 561-586, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010322
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract Since potato cultivars are sensitive to low temperature, cold injury severely affects the geographical distribution and yield of potato. Although some miRNAs have been identified in response to cold stress in plants, there is no report about the role of miRNAs in the response to cold stress in potato. Here, via high throughput sequencing, we described the profiling of cold stress response to miRNA and mRNA in potato. Two small RNA and six mRNA libraries were constructed and sequenced. 296 known and 211 novel miRNAs were identified, in which 34 miRNAs in Cold Group (CG) had the higher expression quantity… More >

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ARTICLE

Ejaz Ahmad Waraich^1,*, Zeeshan Ahmed^2,3, Zahoor Ahmad⁴, Rashid Ahmad¹, Murat Erman⁵, Fatih Cig⁵, Ayman El Sabagh^5,6
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 587-597, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.08734
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is famous for its oil quality and unique fatty acid pattern. Growth and yield of crops reduced under water deficit conditions. Environmental threat such as drought or water deficit condition is the emerging problem which creates the negative impact on the growth of plants. Based upon the current situation a pot study was performed in rain out-shelter to explore the effect of different plant densities (15, 10 and 5 plants per pot) on growth and seed yield of two camelina genotypes under normal (100% WHC) and water deficit (60% WHC) conditions by using completely randomized design… More >

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ARTICLE

Shuaishuai Zhang¹, Jin Li¹, Yongchang Shen¹, Linda Nartey Korkor¹, Qian Pu¹, Jin Lu¹, Balock Shakeela¹, Dedong Kong², Ou Li¹, Guohong Zeng^1,*, Xiufang Hu^1,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 599-617, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010074
（This article belongs to this Special Issue: Crop Production under Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions)
Abstract This study aimed to explore the cold tolerance of two cultivars of Dendrobium officinale (MG1, MG2) grown in different regions of China. Under -2°C incubation, cultivar MG1 remained active after 3 d, and continued to grow after returning to room temperature. However, MG2 could only maintain its activity after 2 d treatment at −2°C, and the seedlings died with the low temperature treatment time. Investigation of the characteristics of the plants grown in the south (Hangzhou) or north (Zhengzhou) of China indicated that the leaves of MG1 also had reduced stomatal density, the highest thickness, and a compact microstructure. The… More >

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ARTICLE

Qili Zhang, Danni He, Songbei Ying, Shiyan Lu, Jiali Wei, Ping Li^*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 619-631, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010379
Abstract Seeds germination is strictly controlled by environment factor such as high temperature (HT) through altering the balance between gibberellin acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a small molecule with four-carbon amino acid, which plays a crucial role during plant physiological process associated with pollination, wounding or abiotic stress, but its role in seeds germination under HT remains elusive. In this study we found that HT induced the overaccumulation of ROS, mainly H₂O₂ and O₂^- , to suppress seeds germination, meanwhile, HT also activated the enzyme activity of GAD for the rapid accumulation of GABA, hinting the… More >

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ARTICLE

Danni He, Guoli Deng, Songpei Ying, Wenjuan Yang, Jiali Wei, Ping Li^*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 633-643, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010498
Abstract Primary seed dormancy is an adaptive strategy that prevents germination for viable seeds in harsh environment, ensuring seeds germination under favorable condition. Accurately inducing seeds germination in a controllable manner is important for crop production. Thus searching the chemicals that efficiently breaks seed dormancy is valuable. DOG1 protein abundance in the freshly harvested seed is high, and its level is correlated to seed dormancy intensity, thus DOG1 is regarded as the timer to evaluate the seed dormancy degree. In this study, we found the carbon monoxide (CO) donor treatment, the transgenic line with high CO content, showed lower seed dormancy,… More >

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Thiresia-Teresa Tzatzani¹, Evangelia Basdeki², Evangelia-Vasiliki Ladikou³, Marios-Ioannis N. Sotiras³, Georgios Panagiotakis⁴, Sryridon Lionakis⁴, Ioannis E. Papadakis^3,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 645-656, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010532
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various presowing treatments on the germinability (final germination percentage) and germination rate of loquat seeds in order to increase seedling production in nurseries (applied research) as well as provide answers for important physiological issues related to loquat seeds and their seed coat (basic research). Three experiments were carried out with various pre-sowing treatments. These treatments included full or partial removal of seed coat (perisperm), partial cutting of cotyledons as well as moist chilling at 5°C for 13 days and/or soaking the seeds in water or 250 ppm gibberellic acid… More >

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Jie Li^1,2, Yuehua Feng^1,3,*, Jinfeng Peng¹, Xiaoke Wang¹, Dinghua Yang², Guiling Xu¹
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 657-666, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010969
Abstract Rice leaves show lateral asymmetry. Differences in width, thickness, chlorophyll meter readings, nitrogen content, density, and yield on each asymmetrical have been reported. However, limited information is available on the distribution characteristics of the smooth side (SS) and rough side (RS) of rice leaves. The SS of rice leaves can be divided into two types according to its location in leaf: one is the smooth side appearing on the left (SSAL) of the leaf, while the smooth side of the other type appears on the right (SSAR). Through the investigation of four rice varieties, we identified that the proportion of… More >

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Yanwei Feng¹, Wen Lei², Rui Gu³, Ping Zhao⁴, Shijun Ni^1,*, Ningfei Lei^3,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 667-679, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010160
Abstract Water, minerals, nutrients, etc., can be shared by physiological integration among inter-connected ramets of clonal plants. Nitrogen plays an important role in alleviating cadmium (Cd) stress for clonal plants. But how different forms of nitrogen affect growth performance of clonal plants subjected to heterogeneous Cd stress still remains poorly understood. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the differential effects of ammonium and nitrate on growth performance of Glechoma longituba under heterogeneous Cd stress. In the experiment, parent ramets of Glechoma longituba clonal fragments were respectively supplied with modified Hoagland solution containing 7.5 mM ammonium, 7.5 mM nitrate or the… More >

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Shuai Li, Jianming Zhou, Shibo Xiang, Songhong Wei^*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 681-690, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010671
Abstract Ustilaginoidea virens, which causes rice false smut (RFS), is one of the most detrimental rice fungal diseases and poses a severe threat to rice production and quality. Effectors in U. virens often act as a group of essential virulence factors that play crucial roles in the interaction between host and the pathogen. Thus, the functions of individual effectors in U. virens need to be further explored. Here, we found a small secreted hypersensitive response-inducing protein UVI_02019870 was highly conserved in fungi. Furthermore, we performed Y2H and BiFC assay to demonstrated UVI_02019870 interacted with OsCPL1, which was predicted as a chloroplast… More >

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Daoxi Li^1,*, Ruitao Lou¹, Yanbin Li¹, Zepeng Bian¹, Ya’nan Zhu²
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 691-703, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010661
Abstract A drought event can cause entire crops to fail or yield loss. In order to study the effects of continuous drought on photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the winter wheat variety “Aikang 58” was selected as test material with controlling the water of the pot-planted winter wheat under a mobile rainout shelter. Based on foot planting and safe wintering, winter wheat was evaluated under different drought conditions, including light, moderate and severe drought at the jointing (B), heading (C), and filling (G) stages. The soil water content was controlled in a… More >

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ARTICLE

Leilei Kong^1,2, Haowen Luo¹, Zhaowen Mo¹, Shenggang Pan¹, Zhixia Liu², Qiang Zhang², Song Bai^2,*, Xiangru Tang^1,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 705-714, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.010953
Abstract Climate conditions is an important factor affected the fragrant rice growth and development. In order to study the effects of different planting seasons on fragrant rice performance in South China, present study was conducted with three planting seasons (early season (April to July), middle season (June to September) and late season (August to November)) and three fragrant rice cultivars, ‘Basmati-385’, ‘Meixiangzhan-2’ and ‘Xiangyaxiangzhan’. The results showed that the highest grain yield and grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP, key component of fragrant rice aroma) content were both recorded in late season treatment while the fragrant rice in middle season treatment produced the lowest… More >

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Gloria Viviana Cerrillo-Rojas¹, Mariana Tiscareño-Andrade¹, Ana Erika Ochoa-Alfaro², Eugenio Pérez-Molphe Balch¹, Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra², José Francisco Morales-Domínguez^1,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 715-726, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09769
Abstract Halophytes are an excellent choice for the study of genes conferring salt tolerance to salt-sensitive plants and, they are suitable for reclamation and remediation of saline soil. We develop an in vitro plant propagation protocol and studies of genes involved with GB and Pro biosynthesis in Suaeda edulis. Axillary buds were used as explants and cultured in different treatments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. The highest number of multiple shoots was on MS medium containing 1 mg/L Benzyladenine (BA) and / or 2 g/L activated carbon with 5.5 ±… More >

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Noor Ahmad^1,*, Rana Nadeem Abbas¹, Asif Tanveer¹, Zulfiqar Ahmad Saqib²
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 727-742, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.08536
Abstract Parthenium poses serious threat to modern crop production system and necessitate evaluating control practices for its effective management. Efficacy of different weed control practices for controlling parthenium was explored in conventional and deep tillage systems in the field conditions. Hand hoeing (20 and 35 days after emergence), S-Metolachlor (pre-emergence herbicide), sorghum straw mulch @ 5 tons ha^-1 and combination of hand hoeing and sorghum straw mulch (hand hoeing at 20 and straw mulch at 35 days after emergence) were used as weed control practice. Weedy check where no weed control measure was applied was also included in this experiment for… More >

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Thatsanee Luangharn^1,2,3,4, Samantha C. Karunarathna^1,3, Peter E. Mortimer^1,4,*, Kevin D. Hyde^3,5, Jianchu Xu^1,3,4,*
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 743-764, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09690
Abstract Ganoderma is a genus of medicinally and economically important mushrooms in the family Ganodermataceae. Ganoderma species are popular medicinal mushrooms and their health benefits are well-documented. Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus that is widely distributed in both tropical and temperate regions. This genus is characterized by its unique laccate or non-laccate species with double-walled basidiospores. Here, we report on eight collections of G. gibbosum collected during surveys in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The specimens are described and illustrated based on macro- and micro-morphological characteristics. Total DNA of the eight G. gibbosum strains were extracted using the Biospin Fungal Extraction Kit… More >

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Jutamart Monkai¹, Ruvishika S. Jayawardena^1,2, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura^3,*, Kevin D. Hyde¹
Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.89, No.3, pp. 765-777, 2020, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2020.09720
Abstract We isolated an interesting fungus from dead leaves of Magnolia liliifera collected from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The novel strain is related to Plectosphaerellaceae based on the morphology of its asexual morph and the analysis of sequence data. Phylogenetic analyses using a combined gene analysis of LSU and ITS sequence data showed that this strain is clustered in the same clade with Furcasterigmium furcatum with high statistical support. The new strains produced the asexual morph in culture which is morphologically similar to F. furcatum. Thus, we identified this strain as the sexual morph of F. furcatum. This is the first record… More >

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