Open Access
REVIEW
Gabriele Ricciardi1,2,#,*, Mariagiovanna Ballato1,#, Gabriele Di Carlo3, Domenico Donadio1,2,4,5, Emanuela Germanà1, Flavio Corpina2,6,7, Carmela Lipari2,6,8, Guido Fadda9, Danilo Leonetti3, Biagio Zampogna3,4,5, Marco Ferlazzo2, Maurizio Martini9,*
1 BIOMORF Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, A.O.U. Policlinico “G.Martino”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
2 Istituto Clinico Polispecialistico C.O.T. Cure Ortopediche Traumatologiche s.p.a., Messina, Italy
3 BIOMORF Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, Section of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, A.O.U. Policlinico “G.Martino”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, Messina, Italy
4 Operative Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, Rome, Italy
5 Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico Di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, Italy
6 Foresight Consulting, Messina, Italy
7 Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Messina, Italy
8 Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Systems, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
9 Department of Human Pathology of Adults and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Division of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
* Corresponding Author: Gabriele Ricciardi. Email: ; Maurizio Martini. Email:
# These authors contributed equally to this work
European Cytokine Network https://doi.org/10.32604/ecn.2026.084855
Received 30 April 2026; Accepted 25 August 2026; Published online 14 September 2026
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