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Open Access

REVIEW

Growth Characteristics and Sustainable Cultivation Management Techniques of Small Berries: A Review with a Focus on Strawberry under Protected Agriculture

Yu Yang1,*, Biao Jia1, Xin Ma1,*, Hailing Shang1, Shuai Lou1, Chao Zhang1, Jianming Zhao1, Min Li1, Jiali Bao1, Zhongbo Wang2, Dongjie Jia3
1 Water Resources Research Institute of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, China
2 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Water Conservancy Comprehensive Security Center, Hohhot, China
3 Management Center of Hongshan Reservoir, Chifeng, China
* Corresponding Author: Yu Yang. Email: email; Xin Ma. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Approaches to Crop Yield Enhancement)

Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2026.081047

Received 22 February 2026; Accepted 20 April 2026; Published online 15 May 2026

Abstract

Small berries, represented by strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, and aronia berries, are increasingly valued worldwide for their rich nutritional content and economic potential. This review systematically outlines the growth characteristics of these berries, with a focused analysis on strawberries-including their ecological adaptations and responses to soil, water, temperature, light, and nutrition. It further elaborates on the integrated technical system for protected strawberry cultivation, covering cultivar selection, seedling propagation, transplanting, water and nutrient management, environmental control, flower and fruit regulation, green pest control, and post-harvest handling. The paper also discusses innovative models for industry development, such as leisure agriculture integration and smart farming. The findings emphasize that precision management based on growth traits, supported by technological innovation and sustainable practices, is essential for enhancing yield, quality, and industry sustainability in protected small berry production.

Keywords

Strawberry; protected cultivation; cultivation management; growth characteristics; sustainable production

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