Plant-pathogen interactions involve complex biological processes that operate across molecular, cellular, microbiome, and ecological levels, significantly influencing plant health and agricultural productivity. In response to pathogenic threats, plants have developed sophisticated defense mechanisms, such as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which rely on specialized recognition systems such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Furthermore, structural barriers such as callose deposition and lignification, along with the synthesis of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial enzymes, play crucial roles in inhibiting pathogen invasion and proliferation. The plant microbiome further enhances host immunity through beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi, which facilitate induced systemic resistance (ISR) and improve nutrient acquisition. As climate change exacerbates the impact of pathogens, these molecular and microbiome-driven defenses influence disease distribution and plant resilience, highlighting the importance of integrating ecological insights for sustainable disease management Advancements in microbiome engineering, including the application of synthetic microbial communities and commercial bio-inoculants, offer promising strategies for sustainable disease management. However, the impacts of climate change on pathogen virulence, host susceptibility, and disease distribution complicate these interactions, emphasizing the need for resilient and adaptive agricultural practices. The Cover image explains a generalized overview of plant microbe interaction.
This cover image was created using AI-generated content from "doubao AI". The authorsconfirm that no human likenesses, copyrighted elements, or misleading representationsare included in the image.
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