Open Access
REVIEW
YOUNG MAE KO, TAE HYON KIM*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.065464
Abstract Ginsenosides, the bioactive saponins primary found in Panax ginseng, possess a complex structure that underlies their diverse pharmacological properties. Ginsenoside Rg3 stands out for its broad therapeutic potential, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Rg3, emphasizing its roles in regulating apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic pathways relevant to skincare and anticancer applications. The unique biological activities of its isomeric forms, 20(S)-Rg3 and 20(R)-Rg3, are highlighted, alongside strategies to enhance its bioavailability, such as nanoencapsulation and prodrug design. Additionally, the synergistic effects More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dong Hwan Ho1,*, Minhyung Lee2,3, Daleum Nam1, Hyejung Kim1, Janghwan Kim2,3, Mi Kyoung Seo4,5, Sung Woo Park4,5, Ilhong Son1,6,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.065486
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: LRRK2 and Alpha-Synucleinopathy: Molecular Mechanisms in Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease)
Abstract Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by symptoms like tremors, muscle rigidity, and slow movement. The main cause of these symptoms is the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a brain area called the substantia nigra. Various genetic and environmental factors contribute to this neuronal loss. Once symptoms of PD begin, they worsen with age, which also impacts several critical cellular processes. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a gene associated with PD. Certain mutations in LRRK2, such as G2019S, increase its activity, disrupting cellular mechanisms necessary for healthy neuron function, including… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Fu-Ping Zhu1,#, Wu-Ping Li1,#, Yin-Sheng Cao1, Zhen-Zhen Cai1, Hang Wu1, Yu-Tong Zhu2,*, Hui Liu3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.062380
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Mitochondrial Dynamics and Oxidative Stress in Disease: Cellular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets)
Abstract Objective: Limb ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) may lead to tissue necrosis and loss of function, even life-threatening. Our previous study found that Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction (THSWD) had some efficacy in treating of LIRI. Quercetin, the major component of THSWD, was selected further to uncover the molecular mechanism underlying its treatment of LIRI. Methods: In this study, myoblasts were isolated from rat gastrocnemius muscle tissue, and an in vitro LIRI model was established. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assay were used to evaluate the impact of quercetin on LIRI-induced myoblast viability and proliferation. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yiqin He1,2, Chenhan Hu1,2, Xiangshu Meng1,2, Rundong Ma1,2, Kexin Duan1,2, Yu Guo2,3, Changqing Liu1,2, Caiyun Ma1,2, Gaofeng Liu1,2,*, Chunjing Wang1,2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.064633
Abstract Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), due to their ability to differentiate into neurons and secrete neurotrophic factors. Genetic modification of MSCs for PD treatment has become a research focus. Methods: In this study, rat pulmonary mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) were transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying Lmx1a/NeuroD1 to establish genetically engineered PMSCs (LN-PMSCs) and induce their differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. The LN-PMSCs were then transplanted into the right medial forebrain bundle region of PD model rats prepared using the 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) method. Four weeks… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
MYOUNG CHEOL SHIN1, TAE-KYEONG LEE2, DAE WON KIM3, JOON HA PARK4, MOO-HO WON1, CHOONG-HYUN LEE5,*, JI HYEON AHN6,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.065506
Abstract Background: Astrocyte endfeet (AEF) serves as a key element of the blood-brain barrier and is important for the survival and maintenance of neuronal function. However, the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes of AEF in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus over time following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury have not been well elucidated. Objectives: We investigated chronological changes in AEF in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 area from 3 h to 10 days following transient forebrain ischemia (TFI), and examined their association with neuronal death and tissue repair following IR injury. Changes in the CA3 area… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
KYUNG-WAN BAEK1,2,#, JINKYUNG CHO3,#, JI HYUN KIM4, JI-SEOK KIM1,2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.064916
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise in Aging and Chronic Disease)
Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects a significant fraction of the global population and is closely associated with elevated cardiovascular risk and poor clinical outcomes. Its pathophysiology entails complex molecular and cellular disturbances, including reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, persistent low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, altered mineral metabolism, genetic predispositions, and uremic toxin accumulation. As current pharmacological treatments provide only partial risk reduction, complementary approaches are imperative. Exercise training, both aerobic and resistance, has emerged as a potent non-pharmacological intervention targeting these underlying molecular pathways. Regular exercise can enhance nitric oxide signaling, improve antioxidant defenses, attenuate… More >
Open Access
EDITORIAL
YE ZENG1,*, BINGMEI M. FU2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.065879
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Subcellular Organelles and Cellular Molecules: Localization, Detection, Prediction, and Diseases)
Abstract This article has no abstract. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
STANISLAV ALADEV1,*, DMITRY SOKOLOV1, MAXIM POLITKO1, GALINA KAZANSKAYA1, SVETLANA AIDAGULOVA1,2, ELVIRA GRIGORIEVA1,3
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.064100
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Abstract Background: Glucocorticoids are used as anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of various diseases, however, their side effects on normal brain tissue remain underinvestigated. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate dexamethasone (DXM) effects on cell composition and myelin content in the mouse brain tissue. Methods: C57Bl/6 male mice (n = 60) received single and ten multiple intraperitoneal DXM injections (2.5 mg/kg), and the studied parameters were analysed at 1, 3, 7, 10 days after a single DXM injection and 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after the multiple injections. Oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes were assayed by immunohistochemistry… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
NATALIA LEHMAN, AGNIESZKA BOJARSKA-JUNAK, MICHAł ZAROBKIEWICZ*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.063960
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: The Role of γδ T Cells and iNKT Cells in Cancer: Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential)
Abstract Introduction: Butyrophilins (BTNs) belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily; they play crucial roles in immune regulation, especially in γδ T cell activation. While their expression has been studied in solid tumours, their involvement in hematologic malignancies remains poorly understood. Objectives: We hypothesised that BTNs are dysregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), contributing to γδ T cell dysfunction and potentially influencing disease progression. Methods: In this study, we analyzed publicly available microarray and RNA-seq datasets to investigate the expression patterns of BTN genes in CLL. Results: Our findings reveal significant dysregulation of BTN gene expression in CLL, with BTN2A1, BTN3A1, BTN3A2,… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Filomena Emanuela Laddaga1, Pamela Pinto2, Bruna Daraia2, Antonio D’amato3,4, Stella D’oronzo3,5, Stefano Martinotti3,6,*, Francesco Gaudio2,3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.063572
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Tumor Microenvironment in Molecular and Cellular Contexts)
Abstract Checkpoint inhibitors, particularly programmed cell death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, have significantly advanced the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), especially in relapsed or refractory cases. However, challenges such as resistance, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and the need for effective patient selection remain. This review aims to explore the mechanisms of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, including alterations in the tumor microenvironment, loss of antigen presentation, and T-cell exhaustion. Overcoming resistance may involve combination therapies, such as pairing PD-1 inhibitors with other immune checkpoint inhibitors or targeted therapies like Brentuximab vedotin. Additionally, next-generation inhibitors targeting molecules like More >
Open Access
REVIEW
KUMUDESH MISHRA1,2,*, OR KAKHLON1,2
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.061725
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Exploring Mitochondria: Unraveling Structure, Function, and Implications in Health and Disease)
Abstract Mitochondria are central organelles in cellular metabolism, orchestrating energy production, biosynthetic pathways, and signaling networks. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form (NADH) are essential for mitochondrial metabolism, functioning both as redox coenzymes and as signaling agents that help regulate cellular balance. Thus, while its major role is in energy production, NAD+ is widely recognized as a metabolic cofactor and also serves as a substrate for various enzymes involved in cellular signaling, like sirtuins (SIRTs), poly (ADP-ribosyl) polymerases (PARPs), mono (ADP-ribosyl) transferases, and CD38. Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, are critical in this regulatory network.… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
TAIYANG ZHU1, FANG HUA2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.064879
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder characterized primarily by a progressive decline in cognitive and behavioral functions. The pathogenesis of AD has not been fully elucidated till now. The progesterone receptor (PR) family has recently attracted increasing attention and has become the focus of potential links to factors such as the pathogenesis and pathological changes of AD due to its role in the central nervous system. This article summarizes the progress of research progress on the PR family in AD, including its role in pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic strategies. More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Gloria Krajnc1, Lara Metlika2, Uroš Potočnik1,2,3, Boris Gole2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.063486
Abstract Vedolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody and one of the safest biologics for the treatment of
both forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It targets the α4β7 integrin
and blocks leukocyte trafficking to the gut. Regardless of its efficacy in many patients, non-response to vedolizumab
treatment poses a significant clinical challenge. In this review, we synthesize recent findings on genomic, transcriptomic,
proteomic, and cellular biomarkers of vedolizumab response, emphasizing their roles in predicting therapeutic outcomes and understanding non-responsiveness. Key insights include the identification of epigenetic and transcriptomic
signatures, the involvement of More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Alexander Blagov1,*, Michael Bukrinsky2, Aleksandra Utkina3, Gulalek Babayeva4, Vasily Sukhorukov1, Alexander Orekhov5
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.062821
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Basis for the Involvement of Inflammation and Lipids in Pathologies)
Abstract Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to the initiation and modulation of inflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that eosinophils are adaptable leukocytes that orchestrate the resolution of inflammatory responses. The most prevalent chronic inflammatory illness, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is typified by persistent synovitis that makes it hard for the disease to go away on its own. Interestingly, a unique subset of eosinophils known as regulatory eosinophils has been found in RA patients’ synovium, especially while the disease is in remission. Pro-resolving signatures of regulatory eosinophils in the synovium are distinct from those of their lung counterparts. More >
Open Access
REVIEW
SIARHEI A. DABRAVOLSKI1,*, MICHAEL I. BUKRINSKY2, ALEKSANDRA S. UTKINA3, ALESSIO L. RAVANI4, VASILY N. SUKHORUKOV5,6, ALEXANDER N. OREKHOV7
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.062789
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Basis for the Involvement of Inflammation and Lipids in Pathologies)
Abstract Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) have emerged as critical players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These web-like structures, composed of DNA, histones, and granule proteins released by neutrophils, contribute significantly to both inflammation and thrombosis. This manuscript offers a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the involvement of NET in atherosclerosis, highlighting their interactions with various pathophysiological processes and their potential as biomarkers for CVD. Notably, the impact of radiation on NET formation is explored, emphasising how oxidative stress and inflammatory responses drive NET release, contributing to plaque instability. The… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
MEI HUANG, ZHENYU ZHANG, YUQI LUO, YUQI WU, DAN PAN, YU ZHOU*, XIAOBO LUO, YUCHEN JIANG*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.062918
Abstract This review explores the pivotal role of circadian rhythm regulators, particularly the PER genes, in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). As key constituents of the biological clock, PERs exhibit a downregulated expression pattern in OSCC, and the expression levels of PERs in OSCC patients are correlated with a favorable prognosis. PERs impact the occurrence and development of OSCC through multiple pathways. In the regulation of cell proliferation, they can function not only through cell cycle regulation but also via metabolic pathways. For example, PER1 can interact with receptors for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) and… More >
Open Access
MINI REVIEW
Federico Licastro*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.062303
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurodegenerative Diseases)
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease causing the most frequent form of dementia in old age. AD etiology is still uncertain and deposition of abnormal proteins in the brain along with chronic neuroinflammation have been suggested as pathogenic mechanisms of neuronal death. Infections by exogenous neurotropic virus, endogenous retrovirus reactivation, infections by other microbes, and air pollutants may either induce neurodegeneration or activate brain inflammation. Up to 8% of the human genome has a retroviral origin. These ancient retroviruses, also called human endogenous retroviruses, are associated with a clinical history of several neurodegenerative diseases.… More >
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