Open Access
REVIEW
Dominick Shoha#, David Lei#, Tyler Truong, Sophia Strukel, Elliot Enshaie, Vikrant Rai*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.078846
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Unraveling the Interplay of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms between Diabetes and Non-communicable Diseases )
Abstract Diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are deeply interconnected (brain diabetes). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) acts as a significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) by inducing chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction. Hyperglycemia drives neuroinflammation and damages the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exacerbating cognitive decline and neuronal loss. Chronic inflammation acts as a central bridge, linking high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction in the brain to the buildup of amyloid plaques, tau tangles, and neuronal damage due to shared insulin signaling issues in the More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Marina I. Buyan1,2,#, Kseniia S. Cherkesova1,3,#, Anna A. Brezgunova1, Andrey I. Buyan4, Polina A. Abramicheva1, Irina B. Pevzner1, Nadezda V. Andrianova1,*, Egor Y. Plotnikov1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.078925
Abstract Objectives: Metabolic substrate deficiency is a key factor in many pathologies, with organ vulnerability depending on specialized metabolic profiles. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of deprivation stress on mitochondria and cell functions in different cell types and to assess the potential of fumarate, a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, to modulate these stress responses. Methods: We assessed the effects of fumarate on cell proliferation and mitochondrial membrane potential under both normal conditions and serum deprivation in vitro in astrocytes, renal epithelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Subsequently, we performed bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomic… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bo Liu, Xue Li*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077797
Abstract Background: As a key glycolytic enzyme, Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which is highly expressed in cancer cells, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation/metastasis. This research investigates the involvement of Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7) in HCC progression/glycolysis and its potential mechanisms. Methods: UBR7 expressions in HHL-5, Huh-7, and HepG2 cells were investigated using Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western Blot. Cell counting kit-8, clone formation experiment, scratch-wound assay, and transwell testing were conducted to assess the malignant biological behaviors of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells; the absorption level of glucose and generation levels… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kyeong-Min Kim1,2, A-Rang Kim1,2, Won-Gu Jang1,2,3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077163
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovations in Musculoskeletal Biology, Disease, and Regeneration)
Abstract Background: Linalool is a monoterpene alcohol with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its role in osteoblast differentiation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the osteogenic potential of linalool and to examine the role of selenium-binding protein 1 (Selenbp1) in mediating its effects. Methods: Murine MC3T3-E1 and C3H10T1/2 cells were treated with linalool under osteogenic conditions. Osteoblast differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red S staining, and expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5). The involvement of Selenbp1 was examined using siRNA knockdown and plasmid overexpression. A… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Gang Yang#, Xiongwu Long#, Xingchang Fu*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075362
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Targeting Inflammatory Diseases with Novel Strategies: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms)
Abstract Objectives: Macrophage ferroptosis is linked to the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis (GA), yet the precise regulatory mechanism needs to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of macrophage ferroptosis in GA and its potential mechanisms. Methods: THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals to simulate the GA model. The co-culture system of macrophages and primary chondrocytes (hCDs) was employed to analyze the effects of macrophage-mediated inflammation on chondrocyte degeneration. Results: MSU stimulation induced ferroptosis in macrophages, accompanied by increased methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) expression (p = 0.003) and total m6A modification level (p = 0.0058).… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Jiamei Wu1,*, Yuechuan Zhang2, Junxue Wu2, Chengxin Hao1
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.071704
Abstract Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus, is an agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and remains a persistent global health concern, particularly among children under five years of age. Although most infections are self-limiting, a significant proportion can progress to severe neurological manifestations such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and fatal pulmonary oedema. Despite substantial advances in research, no universally effective antiviral therapy or broadly protective vaccine has yet been developed. Drawing upon both foundational and recent studies, we evaluate the strength of existing evidence and delineate how these viral… More >
Open Access
MINI REVIEW
Antonio Montefusco1,*, Antonio Massimiliano Romanelli2, Ivana Caputo1, Gaetana Paolella1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.079770
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular Mechanisms and Delivery Strategies of Anticancer Agents: From Pharmacologically Active Molecules to Engineered Systems)
Abstract Cancer therapy is increasingly shifting towards targeted strategies capable of maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target toxicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have emerged as promising natural nanocarriers due to their characteristics like biocompatibility, stability in biological fluids, and capacity for selective cargo delivery. EVs participate in intercellular communication through highly regulated biological processes that control their formation, cargo selection, cellular uptake, and downstream signaling activity. This mini-review highlights how regulated sorting processes, surface-associated tropism, and diverse internalization pathways determine EVs specificity and functional impact in recipient tumor cells. Furthermore, current advances in More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Mihaela Jurdana1,*, Lovro Ziberna2,3
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.079591
Abstract Obesity and metabolic syndrome promote malignancies through chronic inflammation and sustained activation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling. Skeletal muscle is central to this tumor-promoting milieu because it governs insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, lipid oxidation, and endocrine crosstalk. This narrative review explores whether melatonin signaling in skeletal muscle, particularly via melatonin receptor 2 (MT2), represents a modifiable node within the obesity–cancer axis. Experimental evidence indicates that melatonin activates MT2-linked Gi/o and calcium-sensitive pathways converging on phosphoinositide 3-kinase–protein kinase B (PI3K–Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II–adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase–peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yibing Wang1, Xingbo Wu1, Yifei Shen1, Xiayi Wang1, Chun Hung Chu2, Irene Shuping Zhao2,3, Xueqi Gan1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.079089
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function: Therapeutic Perspectives Across Diseases)
Abstract Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, but accumulating evidence highlights mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and oxidative stress as interconnected drivers. However, comprehensive reviews elucidating the molecular basis of this interaction are lacking. Therefore, this review aims to clarify the crosstalk between mitochondrial dynamics dysregulation and oxidative stress, and how this bidirectional interaction contributes to periodontal tissue destruction. This review first provides an overview of mitochondrial dynamics and the mechanisms of oxidative stress. We then contextualize these processes within periodontitis, detailing the dual role More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bohan Lin#, Wei Liu#, Xiu Ni, Fuyi Shen*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077413
Abstract Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common neurological complication in elderly patients. However, the mechanism by which glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B (GluN2B) contributes to POCD development remains incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GluN2B overexpression on POCD improvement and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation in mouse primary microglia, and a microglia-HT22 neuron co-culture system was established to simulate the neurotoxic environment. Overexpression and knockdown constructs for GluN2B and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were generated. Western blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Deborah Joyce1, Wan Muhammad Farhan Syafiq Wan Mohd Nor2, Ivy Chung2, Amira Hajirah Abd Jamil1, Nur Akmarina Mohd Said1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077378
Abstract Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and cholesterol metabolism have independently been recognized as critical regulators of cancer progression. NcRNAs modulate various aspects of cancer cell behaviour, including metabolic reprogramming, proliferation, migration, and intercellular communication. Concurrently, dysregulated cholesterol metabolism has emerged as a hallmark of cancer, influencing tumour growth, immune evasion, chemoresistance, and metastasis. While numerous studies have explored the role of ncRNAs like long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in modulating cholesterol metabolism within either cancer cells or immune cells, the mechanism of their action largely depends on the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Weina Xu1, Yi Xia1, Qing Shen1, Ling Ai1, Yingye Lu2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.076001
Abstract Background: Dysfunction of decidual macrophages (dMφ) mediated by high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is related to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA), but its upstream regulatory mechanism remains unclear. The research explores whether miR-216a-5p regulates the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3) signaling axis by targeting HMGB1, thereby affecting the M1 polarization and pyroptosis of dMφ in URSA. Methods: The URSA mouse model was established, and primary dMφ was isolated and cultured. HMGB1 and miR-216a-5p were overexpressed or knocked down. Their expressions were examined. Their targeting relationship was verified through a bioinformatics… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Moo Hyun Kim1, Yongdae Yoon2, Chang Wan Kim1, Jun-Won Lee3, Bhupendra Regmi2, Saher Fatima2, Moon Young Kim2,3, Soon Koo Baik2,3, Pil Young Jung1,*, Young Woo Eom2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.076364
Abstract Background: Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) drives hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis, the mechanisms by which 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) modulates these processes in TGF-β1-activated hepatic stellate cells remain to be determined. Therefore, we investigated whether TPA alleviates fibrosis in TGF-β1-treated hepatic stellate cells and regulates both canonical and non-canonical pathways. Further, we assessed whether inhibitors of these pathways similarly affect proliferation and fibrosis in LX-2 cells. Methods: LX-2 hepatic stellate cells were used as the experimental model. Cells were treated with TPA, TGF-β, or TGF-β plus TPA, and Yes-associated protein (YAP) and protein kinase B (PKB;… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Zhiqing Hu1, Lisha Ma2, Weili Zhu2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077860
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Targeted Therapy in Oncology)
Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. The current first-line treatment still relies primarily on cisplatin-based chemotherapy, yet cisplatin resistance strongly predicts poor patient prognosis. Cuproptosis is a newly identified cell death modality driven by copper overload and impaired mitochondrial respiration. This review outlines the core molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis and examines its complex association with cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. Their interplay involves shared transport systems. In cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, copper influx transporter Copper Transporter 1 (CTR1) downregulation and efflux transporter ATPase copper transporting alpha/beta polypeptide (ATP7A/B) upregulation reduce the intracellular… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Ibrahim M. Ibrahim1, Shadab Md2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077548
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bioactive Natural Components as Regulators of Cellular Pathways and Disease Progression)
Abstract Gut microbiota-derived exosomes (MDEs) have emerged as a novel class of drug delivery and are secreted by bacteria, fungi, and archaea in the human microbiota within the human intestinal ecosystem and possess inherent biocompatibility and lower immunogenicity, enabling seamless integration within host intestinal and systemic bioenvironments. This review elucidates the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing MDE function, explaining how their unique lipid bilayer composition facilitates cellular entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis and membrane fusion. This review discusses how gut MDEs traverse biological barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier and intestinal mucosa, by modulating tight junction proteins… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Junming Yan, Boran Xiong, Yingjie Zhu*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075319
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Homeostasis of Mitochondria: Unraveling its Multifaceted Role in Health and Disease)
Abstract Objective: Neural stem cells (NSCs) are essential for replenishing nerve cells, providing neuroprotection, and repairing damaged brain function, while mitophagy is critical for maintaining NSCs’ homeostasis. The study investigated whether pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) regulates NSCs’ proliferation and differentiation by modulating mitophagy. Method: This study established a model of excessive autophagy in neural stem cell mitochondria induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and used plasmid transfection technology to knock down PKM2 expression, examining its effects on NSCs proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, potential mechanisms were explored by overexpressing phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and adding the… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qiguo Wang1, Qin Wang2, Wen Ye3, Qin Feng3, Ting Wang3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075633
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bioactive Natural Components as Regulators of Cellular Pathways and Disease Progression)
Abstract Objectives: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a common primary glomerulonephritis with limited treatment options. Gallic acid (GA) has demonstrated renal protective effects, but its precise mechanisms against IgAN remain incompletely elucidated. This study aims to reveal the molecular mechanism by which GA exerts a renal protective effect on IgAN. Methods: Transcriptomics and network pharmacology were combined in an integrative manner. The GSE175759 dataset’s differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered out. SwissTargetPrediction and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) were used to forecast GA’s goals. Core targets and pathways were obtained by functional… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Guoxu Ma, Yonglu Huang, Fan Gong, Jianke Wu, Yi Ding, Ziyang Zhang, Xiaoliang Li, Jian Gao, Tingting Dang, Bowen Zhang*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.078402
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bioactive Natural Components as Regulators of Cellular Pathways and Disease Progression)
Abstract Objectives: Sciatic nerve injury (SNI) impairs quality of life, and Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) may exert therapeutic effects via regulating Schwann cell (SC) mitochondrial stability, though the mechanism remains unclear. The study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of LBP in mitigating sciatic nerve injury by protecting Schwann cells via the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1)/thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) pathway. Methods: An in vitro SNI model was established by inducing RSC96 cells with H2O2. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) quantification, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) detection were… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhiye Zhou1,2, Jianan Chen3, Qiang Zhu3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.076758
Abstract Background: Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are promising for dental tissue regeneration. Dioscin (Dio), a natural compound, has various biological activities, but its effects on hDPSCs are unclear. This study aims to systematically elucidate the effects of Dio on promoting the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Characterized hDPSCs were treated with Dio. Cell viability, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red S (ARS)), and migration (Transwell) were assessed. Mitophagy (fluorescence, Western blot for PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (PRKN), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Beata Franczyk1, Anna Bajer1,#, Anna Bulicz1,#, Mikołaj Grabarczyk1,#, Paulina Jakubowska1,#, Katarzyna Krawiranda1,#, Natalia Kustosik1,#, Przemysław Kuzar1,#, Klaudia Leszto1,#, Maja Mejza1,#, Weronika Mstowska1,#, Jacek Rysz2, Ewelina Młynarska1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075767
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular Senescence in Health and Disease)
Abstract Cellular senescence and the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) play both physiological and pathological roles in the cardiovascular system. While transient senescence aids regeneration, chronic accumulation of senescent cells promotes endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffening, and maladaptive cardiac remodeling. This review elucidates the pivotal role of the immune system in senescent cell clearance and explores how immunosenescence drives systemic low-grade inflammation. Significant emphasis is placed on emerging pharmacological strategies, specifically senolytics and senomorphics, assessing their capacity to restore cardiac function and attenuate atherosclerosis. Additionally, the utility of molecular biomarkers and diverse in vitro and in vivo models is analyzed More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Aslı Aykaç1,*, Eda Becer2, Ahmet Özer Şehirli3
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077114
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Strategies)
Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are driven by complex, multifactorial mechanisms in which oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation (NI) play central, mutually reinforcing roles. Their interaction is mediated through key signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2–Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial activation, and dysregulated redox homeostasis. Increasing attention has been directed toward understanding how Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved neuroprotective agents influence these interconnected processes. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xuechun Liao1,#, Xiaoxiao Chen2,#, Shulan Wei1, Qiong Li1, Yanqin Zhao1, Yuying Xiao1, Qi Zhou1, Jianping Chen1,*, Jinlei He1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077240
Abstract Objective: Immune checkpoint blockade holds therapeutic potential in visceral leishmaniasis; its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential and underlying immune mechanisms of Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Methods: BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania donovani received anti-PD-1 antibody at 35–44 days post-infection. Parasite burden in target organs, serum antibodies, hepatopathology, and transcriptome of the liver were analyzed. T cell exhaustion, activation, apoptosis, and inflammation genes were quantified in target organs. Results: PD-1 blockade reduced splenic parasite load (reduction rate = 82.6%, ***p < 0.001), enhanced hepatic granulomatous… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Rashid Mir1,*, Jameel Barnawi1, Naseh A. Algehainy1, Mohammed M. Jalal1, Malik A. Altayar1, Mohammad A. Alanazi1, Mamdoh Moawadh1, Faris J. Tayeb1, Syed Khalid Mustafa2, Abdullatif Taha Babakr3, Umair Manghrio4, Jaber Alfaifi5, Faisal H. Altemani1
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.076199
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Epigenetic and ncRNA Biomarkers in Cancer: Diagnostic and Prognostic Value)
Abstract Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is one of the most complex hematological malignancies associated with the rapid production of immature myeloid cells and poor prognosis, even with the development of therapeutic options. Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles with sizes ranging from 30 to 150 nm, have drawn a lot of interest because of their capacity to carry molecular cargoes, including DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNAs. Various cells produce these vesicles, which have been shown to effectively transport their molecular contents to target cells via a variety of bodily fluids. This review comprehensively discusses the importance of More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Ralf Weiskirchen1, Amedeo Lonardo2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.076177
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Insights into the Obesity-Cancer Nexus: From Cellular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets)
Abstract Obesity is a complex chronic condition characterized by an excess of body fat that manifests in various clinical pathophenotypes, each affecting liver health differently. One significant cause of chronic liver diseases among those living with obesity is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which is linked to one or more cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals who do not engage in harmful alcohol consumption. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer and is increasingly being associated with MASLD through intricate immunological, cellular, proinflammatory, molecular, and genetic mechanisms. In this review, we More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Christoph Rehbach1, Patrick A. H. Ehm2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075170
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Novel Targeted Therapy in Oncology)
Abstract Despite improved overall prognosis, the treatment of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains challenging due to the toxicity of intensive polychemotherapy and the limited efficacy of antibody-targeted therapies beyond cluster of differentiation 20 and 22 (CD20 and CD22). ALL is driven not only by genetic alterations but also by profound epigenetic dysregulation, including promoter hypermethylation that also silences surface receptor genes. This epigenetic repression can reduce the efficacy of targeted immunotherapies and contribute to relapse. Epigenetic reprogramming with DNA demethylating agents (e.g., decitabine) has the potential to restore the expression of key B cell receptors… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Desirée Victoria-Montesinos*, Pablo Barcina-Pérez*, Ana María García-Muñoz
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077286
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: MitoROS: Exploring Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress)
Abstract Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central hallmark of metabolic, hepatic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary polyphenols modulate mitochondrial pathways, but their integrated effects remain poorly appreciated. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on four polyphenols (resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, and oleuropein) and examines their mechanisms in mitochondrial biogenesis, mtDNA protection, and mitophagy. Experimental studies indicate that these compounds activate conserved adaptive pathways, including sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) with Parkin, therapy enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Rihui Wang1,2,#, Wanlu Li3,#, Canyang Jiang1,2, Jianping Huang1,2, Kangwei Zhou1,2, Yan Jiang4,5, Junyang Zhang1,2, Li Huang1,2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075875
Abstract Background: Osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ) is a severe infectious bone disease. While Canopy FGF signaling regulator 2 (CNPY2) is known to regulate inflammatory diseases, its role in OMJ remains unclear. The study aimed to investigate the role of CNPY2 in the mandibular joint and its molecular mechanisms. Methods: An in vitro OMJ model was generated by stimulating RAW264.7 macrophages with S. aureus. CNPY2 knockdown and overexpression models were established using siRNA and plasmids. Functional assays assessed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Macrophage polarization, cytokine secretion, and osteoclast differentiation were analyzed. The CNPY2-Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear factor-kappa B… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ju Li1, Pengcheng Rao1, Dan Yang1, Tong Zhou1, Jianguo Gan1, Die Lv1, Shuting Zhou1, Yang Peng1, Xiaoqiang Xia1, Qianming Chen1, Yuchen Jiang1, Jian Jiang2, Xiaoping Xu1,*, Xiaodong Feng1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075437
Abstract Objective: Multiple programmed cell death (PCD) pathways have been individually reported to be triggered by cisplatin, but whether and how they are co-regulated remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the spectrum of cisplatin-induced PCD. Methods: We employed integrated in vitro and in vivo models, including human cancer cell lines, a Cal27 xenograft mouse model, and paired clinical specimens from an oral squamous cell carcinoma patient receiving neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A comprehensive methodological suite-encompassing cell death assays, Western blotting, Hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, Cyclic multiplexed tissue staining, and pathway-specific pharmacological inhibitors was utilized to dissect the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Andrew Scarborough1, Yvoni Kyriakidou1, Derek C. Lee2, Tomás Duraj2, Thomas N. Seyfried2, Isabella D. Cooper1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.074152
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Homeostasis of Mitochondria: Unraveling its Multifaceted Role in Health and Disease)
Abstract The global rise in chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is inextricably linked to metabolic dysfunction, with hyperinsulinaemia acting as a potent upstream driver of ageing and age-related disease. Some of the most burdensome diseases of our time, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are largely underpinned by insulin resistance as part of a broader system of metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathologies are particularly pronounced in the developed world, where obesity and other lifestyle-related conditions are major contributors to disease burden and premature mortality. As an upstream… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xingchang Fu, Gang Yang*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.074951
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function: Therapeutic Perspectives Across Diseases)
Abstract Objectives: Mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis play crucial roles in osteoarthritis (OA), but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of sex-determining region Y-box transcription factor (SOX) 11/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4) axis-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis in OA. Methods: Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) induced knee OA in mice. Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1β. Ferroptosis and mitochondrial function-related indicators were detected by immunofluorescence, 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot. Results: OA mice had 4.4 and 1.1-fold increase in SOX11… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
YONG JIANG*, RUI MA, YU-GE WU, YI-MING HUO, HAN-ZHU ZHOU, JUN-XUAN ZHANG
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075982
Abstract Background: Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) plays a key role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which erythroblast transformation-specific 1 (ETS1) and myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) regulated AQP1 transcription. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and rats with coronary heart disease were employed for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. Expressions of ETS1, MEF2C, and AQP1 were analyzed by western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to confirm the interactions between ETS1 and MEF2C. Scratch wound healing and… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
Jernej Jorgačevski1,2, Maja Potokar1,2,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.077871
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Transporters and Channels in Brain Physiology: From Molecular Biophysics to Cellular Dynamics)
Abstract Astrocytes contribute to central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by taking up and releasing various transmitters, ions, water, and energy molecules, thereby modulating neuronal function and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. The dynamic delivery, retrieval, and recycling of transporters, channels, receptors, and vesicular cargo at the astrocyte plasma membrane are regulated by the cytoskeleton networks composed of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. Increasing evidence indicates that changes in vesicle trafficking disrupt astrocyte–neuron communication and contribute to CNS dysfunction in pathological conditions. This review presents recent findings on vesicle trafficking in astrocytes with emphasis on the cytoskeletal More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Debasish Bandyopadhyay1,*, Romit Majumder1,2,#, Madhuri Datta1,2,#, Adrita Banerjee1,2, Aindrila Chattopadhyay2
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075963
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Melatonin and Mitochondria: Exploring New Frontiers)
Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed, but their long-term use frequently results in gastric mucosal injury. Emerging evidence indicates that, beyond cyclooxygenase inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction represents a central mechanism driving NSAID-induced gastric epithelial damage. This review aims to critically synthesize current evidence on mitochondria-centered pathways involved in NSAID-induced gastric ulceration and to evaluate the therapeutic relevance of melatonin in this context. We highlight how NSAIDs impair mitochondrial bioenergetics, promote excessive reactive oxygen species generation, disrupt membrane potential, and activate apoptotic signaling, thereby compromising mucosal integrity. Importantly, melatonin exerts multifaceted gastroprotective actions by preserving mitochondrial More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Gyuri Han#, Yun Hee Jeong#, Ga Eun Kim, Jong-Sup Bae*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075139
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bioactive Natural Components as Regulators of Cellular Pathways and Disease Progression)
Abstract Objectives: Plant-derived bioactive molecules are increasingly recognized as valuable therapeutic resources for managing diverse pathological conditions, particularly those involving vascular inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether veratramine (VRT), a naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid found in Veratrum species of the Liliaceae family, attenuates LPS-induced vascular and pulmonary inflammation by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and modulating the Nrf2, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1) signaling pathways. Methods: The study assessed the modulatory effects of VRT on HO-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in LPS-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Xing-Guo Li1,2,3,#, Lu-Kai Wang4,#, Fu-Ming Tsai5, Hsueh-Chun Wang1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075492
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Natural and Synthetic Small Molecules in the Regulation of Immune Cell Functions)
Abstract Itaconate, produced by aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1, also known as IRG1), acts as a key immunometabolite that inhibits succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and can engage reduction-oxidation (redox)-sensitive signaling programs. This review summarizes the emerging, context-dependent roles of the ACOD1-itaconate axis in cancer, while critically distinguishing between the effects of endogenous itaconate and its cell-permeable derivatives. In tumor cells, endogenous ACOD1 expression or uptake via solute carrier family 13 member 3 (SLC13A3) alters oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. In the tumor microenvironment, myeloid-derived itaconate contributes to immune tolerance by reducing dendritic-cell cross-priming and limiting CD8+ T-cell metabolic activity. Moreover, More >
Open Access
PROTOCOL
Dalin Wang1, Mingcai Zhang1, Richard Hastings2, Patrick George1, Ryan Ranzau1, Jinxi Wang1,3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.074572
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovations in Musculoskeletal Biology, Disease, and Regeneration)
Abstract Objective: Although endplate (EP) injury may cause intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and Modic changes (MCs) in the vertebral bone marrow (VBM), EP injury-induced synchronous cellular reactions and their crosstalk in the IVD and VBM remain unclear. This protocol-based study aimed to streamline and optimize the methods of tissue harvest and cell preparation for flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of T-cell and macrophage subpopulations in both VBM and IVD adjacent to the surgically induced EP microfracture in mice. Methods: EP injury or sham procedure was performed at the spinal levels L4-5 and L5-6 in male mice. Step-by-step… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jiangtao Yu*, Qingfeng Huo, Xinxin Duan
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.073331
Abstract Objectives: The tumor microenvironment and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are closely linked to the progression of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the functional mechanisms of lysine-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) in carcinogenesis remain incompletely understood. This study aims to clarify whether KDM6B affects DTC progression and EMT through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of the rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway, providing a potential target for clinical treatment of DTC. Methods: Tissue samples from DTC patients (n = 39) were collected, and KDM6B expression was determined through Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell counting kit-8 assay, 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
ANDREA DE MATTHAEIS1, LAURA REHAK2,*, MARIA BIANCHI3, ROSSANA PUTZULU3, NICOLA PICCIRILLO3,4, GIULIO MACCAURO1
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.073783
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Tissue Regeneration and Vascularization: From Stem Cells to Functional Tissues)
Abstract For over two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been recognised as the cornerstone of orthobiologic treatments for musculoskeletal diseases. However, clinical evidence increasingly indicates that MSC engraftment in inflamed tissues is minimal and transient, with effects mainly driven by paracrine and immunomodulatory mechanisms induced by macrophage efferocytosis. This evolving paradigm emphasises the immune system as the central orchestrator of tissue repair. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) have emerged as potent effectors of regenerative inflammation, mediating apoptotic cell clearance through efferocytosis, facilitating the transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory (M1) to reparative (M2) phenotypes, and releasing… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
YINGJIAN WANG1, CHEN JIN1, YIXUE QIN1, XINGHONG YAO2, YE ZENG1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.076298
Abstract Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 (AKR1B1) was historically characterized as the first and generally rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway and, consequently, was primarily implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Recent advances, however, have repositioned AKR1B1 as a pleiotropic signaling hub whose biological functions extend far beyond glucose metabolism. This review systematically integrates the complex regulatory network governing AKR1B1, including transcriptional control by tumor protein p53 (p53) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and its dual functionality as both a metabolic enzyme and a non-catalytic signaling scaffold. We elucidate its role More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Sebastián Jaurreteche1,2,*, María Luana Brajkovic2, María Victoria Del Rosal2, Graciela Venera3, Carlos Daniel De La Vega Elena4
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.073790
Abstract Protein misfolding has emerged as a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of human kidney diseases. Normally, proteins achieve their native conformation through highly regulated folding processes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cytoplasm, assisted by molecular chaperones and quality-control pathways. However, genetic variants, environmental stressors, or cellular overload can destabilize this system, resulting in unfolded or misfolded proteins that trigger aggregation, amyloid formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). These events may ultimately lead to loss of function, gain of toxic function, and apoptosis. This review summarizes the structural basis… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Michael I. Bukrinsky1, Alessio L. Ravani2, Anastasia V. Poznyak3,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.072752
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Molecular Basis for the Involvement of Inflammation and Lipids in Pathologies)
Abstract Atherosclerosis (AS) is a key contributor to ischemic heart disease, resulting in significant cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in managing conventional risk factors, including the utilization of statins, recurrent adverse cardiovascular events remain prevalent, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic strategies. This review explores the critical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and highlights potential atheroprotective approaches targeting inflammatory pathways. We discuss the multifaceted interplay between immune responses and AS, detailing the contributions of myeloid cells, T lymphocytes, and various cytokines in plaque formation and instability. Recent More >
Open Access
REVIEW
SHUYU YUAN1,#, GUOXIAO HAN1,#, HUIMIN QIU1, HENAN ZHENG2, RONGZHI FANG1, WANGMIAO XIE1, WANGUI YU1,*, XIAOCHUN PENG1,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2026.075338
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Health and Disease)
Abstract The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining host metabolic homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is closely associated with metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These alterations affect energy harvest, bile acid and short-chain fatty acid metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, and low-grade inflammation, thereby contributing to insulin resistance and ectopic fat accumulation. In this narrative review, we summarize current knowledge on microbiome-host interactions in metabolic diseases, with a focus on energy metabolism, immune regulation, and inflammatory pathways. We further More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
YIWEI HAO1,#, YAODONG PING2,#, YAN YANG3, CHENG QU3, YUAN CHEN1, XUEYAN JIANG1, RONG FU1, HAILONG ZHAO4,*, LEI YU4,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.074863
Abstract Myocardial ischemia, a core pathological process underlying diverse cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, poses a severe threat to global human health by frequently leading to acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and even sudden cardiac death. A comprehensive understanding of its intricate underlying pathogenic mechanisms is not only crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies but also essential for accelerating the translation of basic research findings into clinical practice. However, the complex regulatory networks that drive myocardial ischemia remain to be systematically clarified. These networks encompass the intricate interactions among multiple pathological processes, including energy… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Yung-Chieh Huang1,2,3, Wen-Chien Cheng4,5, Ya-Hsuan Chao6, Tzu-Ting Chen7,*, Chi-Chen Lin8,9,10,11,*
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.072732
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Natural and Synthetic Small Molecules in the Regulation of Immune Cell Functions)
Abstract Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are key enzymes in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), catalyzing the conversion of arginine to citrulline in a process called citrullination. This post-translational modification is crucial to RA pathogenesis as it creates neo-antigens that trigger the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). These ACPAs are highly specific to RA and often appear before clinical symptoms, making them valuable biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Beyond ACPA production, PADs, particularly PAD4, play a vital role in forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs contribute to inflammation and joint damage, further highlighting the importance… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
REVIEW
ANNA PAWłOWSKA-ŁACHUT*, DOROTA SUSZCZYK, IWONA WERTEL
BIOCELL, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.072104
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: The Role of γδ T Cells and iNKT Cells in Cancer: Unraveling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential)
Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy, and it is characterized by high heterogeneity, early metastatic dissemination, and frequent recurrence within 12–18 months after primary therapy. Despite progress in clinical management and drug development, the mortality rate remains high, and the biological drivers of OC aggressiveness are not fully understood. A major contributor to therapeutic resistance and disease progression is the ovarian tumor microenvironment (TME), which supports tumor growth and immune evasion. Its complexity poses significant challenges to the development of effective therapies. Current treatments, especially in advanced or recurrent stages, have limited… More >
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